Kūʻai kūʻai nui 100% ka aila ʻili pomelo maʻemaʻe

ʻO ka hua Citrus grandis L. Osbeck i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo Pomelo kahi mea kanu maoli o ka Hema Hema, kahi i loaʻa ma Kina, Iapana, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, a me Thailand [1,2]. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ke kumu mua o ka hua waina a he lālā o ka ʻohana Rutaceae. ʻO ka pomelo, me ka lemona, ka ʻalani, ka mandarin, a me ka hua waina kekahi o nā hua citrus i ulu ʻia a ʻai nui ʻia ma Asia Hikina Hema a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua [3]. ʻAi mau ʻia ka hua o ka pomelo i mea hou a i ʻole ma ke ʻano wai ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻili, nā ʻanoʻano, a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka mea kanu e hoʻolei ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻōpala. ʻO nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lau, pulp, a me ka ʻili, ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna no nā kenekulia no ka mea ua hōʻike ʻia lākou i ka hopena therapeutic a palekana no ka ʻai kanaka [2,4]. Hoʻohana ʻia nā lau o ka mea kanu Citrus grandis a me kāna ʻaila i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hoʻōla ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻili, ke poʻo, a me ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻole hoʻohana wale ʻia nā hua Citrus grandis no ka ʻai ʻana, mālama pinepine nā lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna i ka ʻū, edema, epilepsy, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe me nā peels hua ma kahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou no nā kumu hoʻonaninani [5]. ʻO nā ʻano citrus ke kumu nui o ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi a ʻo nā aila i loaʻa mai ka ʻili citrus he mea ʻala i makemake nui ʻia me kahi hopena hōʻoluʻolu. Ua piʻi aʻe i nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka waiwai kālepa. ʻO nā aila koʻikoʻi nā metabolites i loaʻa maoli me nā terpenes, sesquiterpenes, terpenoids, a me nā mea ʻala ʻala me nā hui like ʻole o nā aliphatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, acids, alcohols, phenols, esters, oxides, lactones, a me ethers [6]. ʻO ka aila koʻikoʻi e loaʻa ana ia mau pūhui i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia he antimicrobial a me nā waiwai antioxidant a lawelawe ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa i nā mea hoʻohui synthetic me ka hoihoi i nā huahana kūlohelohe [1,7]. Ua hōʻoia nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana nā mea hana i loko o nā aila koʻikoʻi citrus e like me limonene, pinene, a me terpinolene i ka nui o nā antimicrobials, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, a me ka hana antioxidant [[8], [9], [10]] . Ma waho aʻe, ua helu ʻia ka ʻaila citrus e like me GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) ma muli o kāna mau nutraceuticals nui a me ka waiwai waiwai [8]. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e hiki i nā aila pono ke hoʻonui i ke ola o ka papa a mālama i ka maikaʻi o nā iʻa a me nā huahana ʻiʻo [[11], [12], [13], [14], [15]].

Wahi a FAO, 2020 (The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana iʻa o ka honua i nā makahiki i hala iho nei me ka manaʻo o 179 miliona tons ma 2018 me ka nalowale o 30-35%. ʻIke ʻia ka iʻa no kā lākou protein kiʻekiʻe, ke kumu maoli o nā ʻakika momona polyunsaturated, (ʻakika Eicosapentaenoic a me ka waikawa Docosahexaenoic), ka huaʻa D, a me ka huaʻa B2 a loaʻa iā ia kahi kumu waiwai o nā minela e like me ka calcium, sodium, potassium, a me ka hao. [[16], [17], [18]]. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka iʻa hou ke maʻalahi i ka microbial spoilage a me nā loli olaola ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka moisture content, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, reactive endogenous enzymes, a me ka waiwai waiwai waiwai [12,19]. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka spoilage e pili ana i ka rigor mortis, autolysis, bacterial invasion, a me ka putrification ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā amine volatile e hana ana i nā mea ʻala ʻole ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna microbial [20]. Hiki i ka i'a ma kahi waiho malo'o ke ho'omau i kona 'ono, ka 'ano, a me ka hou ma muli o ka ha'aha'a o ka wela. Eia nō naʻe, ke emi nei ka maikaʻi o ka iʻa me ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā microorganism psychrophilic e alakaʻi ana i ka ʻala a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke ola paʻa [19].

No laila, pono e noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau hana no ka maikaʻi o ka iʻa e hōʻemi ai i nā meaola palaha a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka iʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka chitosan coating, oregano oil, cinnamon bark oil, a gum-based coating i loko o koume a me ka clove aila nui, paʻakai, a i kekahi manawa i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻenehana preservative ʻē aʻe i mea maikaʻi i ke kāohi ʻana i nā haku mele microbial a hoʻonui i ke ola o ka iʻa. [15,[10], [21], [22], [23], [24]]. Ma kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka nanoemulsion me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka d-limonene a loaʻa ka hopena e kūʻē i nā maʻi pathogenic [25]. ʻO ka ʻili hua pomelo kekahi o nā mea hana nui o ka hua pomelo. I ko mākou ʻike maikaʻi, ʻaʻole i kamaʻilio maikaʻi ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā waiwai hana o ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi o ka ʻili pomelo. ʻAʻole hoʻohana pono ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻili pomelo ma ke ʻano he lāʻau antibacterial e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka mālama ʻana i nā waihona iʻa, a ua loiloi ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he bio-preservative i ka paʻa o ka mālama ʻana i nā kīʻaha iʻa hou. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe (Rohu (Labeo rohita), Bahu (Labeo calbahu), a me Silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) no ka mea aia lākou i waena o nā iʻa i makemake nui ʻia. ka paʻa ʻana o nā kīʻaha iʻa, akā e hoʻonui pū i ka noi no nā hua pomelo underutilized ma ka ʻĀkau Hikina o India.