Hale Hana Hana | Nā mea hana a me nā mea kūʻai aku o Kina

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Pono Ola

ʻAi pinepine ʻia ka ʻaʻa Burdock, akā hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kī. Hana maikaʻi ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka inulin, aprebioticʻo ka fiber e kōkua i ka hoʻoemi ʻana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino ʻōpū. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i kēia aʻa nā flavonoids (nā mea kanu mea kanu),phytochemical, a me nā antioxidants i ʻike ʻia he mau pono olakino.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ke kumu burdock ke hāʻawi i nā pono ʻē aʻe e like me:

E hoemi i ka ma'i ma'i

Loaʻa i ka aʻa Burdock kekahi mau antioxidants, e like me quercetin, phenolic acids, a me luteolin, hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i kāu mau cell maimanuahi manuahi. ʻO kēia mau antioxidants e kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mumū ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa.

Pilikia Ola

Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻaʻa Burdock e ʻai a inu ʻia e like me ke kī. Eia naʻe, ua like kēia mea kanu i nā mea kanu nightshade belladonna, he mea ʻawaʻawa. Manaʻo ʻia e kūʻai wale i ka aʻa burdock mai nā mea kūʻai hilinaʻi a ʻaʻole e hōʻiliʻili iā ʻoe iho. Eia kekahi, he liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i kona hopena i nā keiki a i nā wahine hāpai. E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke aʻa burdock me nā keiki a i ʻole inā hāpai ʻoe.

Eia kekahi mau pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo ai inā hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu burdock:

Hoʻonui i ka wai wai

Hana ʻo Burdock root e like me kahi diuretic kūlohelohe, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka dehydration. Inā ʻoe e lawe i nā hua wai a i ʻole nā diuretics ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e lawe i ke kumu burdock. Inā ʻoe e lawe i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau, pono e makaʻala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, nā mea kanu, a me nā meaʻai e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka dehydration.

ʻAiʻaʻa

Inā paʻakikī ʻoe a i ʻole he moʻolelo o nā hopena maʻi i nā daisies, ragweed, a i ʻole chrysanthemums, ua piʻi aʻe ʻoe i ka pilikia no ka hopena maʻi i ke kumu burdock.

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Ua noiʻi nā haʻawina holoholona a me in vitro i ka hopena antifungal, anti-inflammatory, a me ka maʻi cardiovascular o sassafras a me kāna mau mea. Eia naʻe, nele nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau, a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo sassafras he palekana no ka hoʻohana. ʻO Safrole, ka mea nui o ka ʻili aʻa a me ka ʻaila sassafras, ua pāpā ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), me ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea ʻala a ʻala paha, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia i loko a i waho paha, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka carcinogenic. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Safrole i ka hana hewa ʻole o 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), i ʻike ʻia e nā inoa alanui "ecstasy" a i ʻole "Molly," a ʻo ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka aila safrole a me ka sassafras e nānā ʻia e ka US Drug Enforcement Administration.

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Pono ka Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) e emi ka methanol extract o YCH ma lalo o 20.0% [2], me nā hōʻailona loiloi maikaʻi ʻē aʻe i kuhikuhi ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi ʻana i nā mea i loko o nā ʻāpana methanol o nā mea hihiu a me nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia i ka maʻamau pharmacopoeia, a ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o lākou. No laila, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ma waena o nā laʻana hihiu a mahi ʻia, e like me ia papa kuhikuhi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā sterols a me nā flavonoids āpau i loko o nā laʻana hihiu ma mua o nā mea i kanu ʻia. Ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka loiloi metabolomic i ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa metabolite ma waena o nā laʻana hihiu a mahi ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia, 97 mau metabolites ʻokoʻa i nānā ʻia, i helu ʻia ma kaPapa Pākuʻi S2. Ma waena o kēia mau metabolites ʻokoʻa loa ʻo β-sitosterol (ID ʻo M397T42) a me quercetin derivatives (M447T204_2), i hōʻike ʻia he mau mea ikaika. ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua, e like me trigonelline (M138T291_2), betaine (M118T277_2), fustin (M269T36), rotenone (M241T189), arctiin (M557T165) a me ka waika loganic (M399T284_2) i komo pū kekahi me nā metabolite like ʻole. Hoʻokani kēia mau ʻāpana i nā hana like ʻole i ka anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, scavenging free radicals, anti-cancer a me ka mālama ʻana i ka atherosclerosis a, no laila, hiki ke lilo i mau mea hoʻoikaika i loko o ka YCH. ʻO ka ʻike o nā mea hana e hoʻoholo ai i ka pono a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau [7]. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka methanol extract ʻo ia wale nō ka helu helu loiloi maikaʻi ʻo YCH he mau palena, a pono e ʻimi hou ʻia nā māka maikaʻi kikoʻī. Aia nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka nui o nā sterols, nā flavonoids āpau a me nā mea i loko o nā metabolites ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waena o ka YCH hihiu a mahi ʻia; no laila, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ma waena o lākou. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā mea hana hou i ʻike ʻia i loko o YCH he waiwai kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumu hana o YCH a me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai YCH.

Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli ma ka ʻāina kikoʻī o ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina o ka maikaʻi loa [8]. ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli, a ʻo ka noho ʻana he mea nui e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ia mau mea. Mai ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka YCH ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ʻo ia e YCH hihiu. Ma hope o ka holomua ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka YCH ma Ningxia i ka makahiki 1980, ua neʻe mālie ke kumu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Yinchaihu mai ka hihiu i ka YCH mahiʻai. Wahi a kahi noiʻi mua i nā kumu YCH [9] a me ka noiʻi kahua o kā mākou pūʻulu noiʻi, aia nā ʻokoʻa nui ma nā wahi hoʻolaha o nā lāʻau lapaʻau mahiʻai a me nā mea hihiu. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka YCH hihiu ma ka ʻāina ʻokoʻa ʻo Ningxia Hui o ka moku ʻo Shaanxi, e pili ana i ka ʻāina maloʻo o Inner Mongolia a me ke kikowaena Ningxia. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka steppe wao nahele ma kēia mau wahi ka wahi kūpono loa no ka ulu ʻana o YCH. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka YCH i mahi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina hoʻohele hihiu, e like me Tongxin County (Cultivated I) a me nā wahi a puni, i lilo i kumu kanu nui loa a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana ma Kina, a me Pengyang County (Cultivated II), aia ma kahi ʻāpana hema a ʻo ia kekahi wahi hana no YCH mahiʻai. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole he wao nahele nā wahi noho o nā ʻāina mahi ʻelua. No laila, ma kahi o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa nui i ka noho ʻana o ka YCH hihiu a mahi ʻia. He mea koʻikoʻi ka noho ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau. E pili ana nā ʻano noho like ʻole i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metabolites lua i loko o nā mea kanu, a laila e hoʻopilikia ai i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana lāʻau.10,11]. No laila, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa nui i loko o ka nui o nā flavonoids a me nā sterols āpau a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā metabolites 53 a mākou i ʻike ai ma kēia haʻawina ʻo ia paha ka hopena o ka hoʻokele kula a me nā ʻokoʻa noho.

ʻO kekahi o nā ala nui e hoʻopili ai ke kaiapuni i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā mea kanu kumu. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi kaiapuni kūpono e hoʻoulu i ka hōʻiliʻili o nā metabolites lua [12,13]. Wahi a ke kuhiakau o ka ulu a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, inā lawa nā meaʻai, ulu mua nā mea kanu, akā i ka nele o nā meaʻai, ʻokoʻa ka mea kanu a hoʻohua i nā metabolites lua.14]. ʻO ke kaumaha maloʻo ma muli o ka nele o ka wai ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni e kū nei i nā mea kanu ma nā wahi maloʻo. I loko o kēia haʻawina, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai o ka YCH i kanu ʻia, me ka nui o ka ua i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o ka YCH hihiu (ʻo ka wai no ka Cultivated I ma kahi o 2 mau manawa o ko Wild; ʻO ka mea kanu II ma kahi o 3.5 mau manawa o ka Wild). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka lepo ma ka ʻāina hihiu he lepo one, akā ʻo ka lepo ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai he lepo lepo. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pālolo, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka paʻa wai o ka lepo one a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaumaha maloʻo. I ka manawa like, ua hui pinepine ʻia ke kaʻina hana me ka hoʻoinu ʻana, no laila ua haʻahaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha maloʻo. Ulu ka YCH hihiu ma nā wahi noho maloʻo maloʻo ʻino, a no laila e ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka maloʻo.

ʻO ka Osmoregulatory kahi hana physiological koʻikoʻi e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke pale aku i ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, a ʻo nā alkaloids he mea hoʻoponopono osmotic koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe.15]. ʻO nā betaines he mau pūhui ammonium quaternary quaternary hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe wai a hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectants. Hiki i ke kaumaha maloʻo ke hoʻemi i ka hiki osmotic o nā cell, ʻoiai nā osmoprotectants e mālama a mālama i ke ʻano a me ka kūpaʻa o nā macromolecules biological, a hoʻopau maikaʻi i ka pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo i nā mea kanu [16]. No ka laʻana, ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, ua piʻi nui ka betaine o ka sugar beet a me Lycium barbarum [17,18]. ʻO Trigonelline kahi mea hoʻoponopono o ka ulu ʻana o ka cell, a ma lalo o ke kaumaha maloʻo, hiki iā ia ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ka pōʻai o ka mea kanu, ke kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o ka cell a alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka cell. Hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻoponopono osmotic a hoʻonui i kona hiki ke pale i ke kaumaha maloʻo.19]. JIA X [20] ua ʻike ʻia, me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Astragalus membranaceus (kahi kumu o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna Kina) i nā trigonelline hou aʻe, e hana ana e hoʻoponopono i ka hiki osmotic a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke pale i ka pilikia maloʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Flavonoids i ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka pale ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo.21,22]. Ua hōʻoia ka nui o nā noiʻi ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo maʻalahi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā flavonoids. Lang Duo-Yong et al. [23] hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo ma YCH ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mana paʻa wai ma ke kula. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo ua kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā aʻa i kekahi ʻano, akā ma ke koʻikoʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo (40% ka paʻa wai o ka māla), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka flavonoids ma YCH. I kēia manawa, ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, hiki i nā phytosterols ke hana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka fluidity membrane cell a me ka permeability, kaohi ʻana i ka wai a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ke kaumaha [24,25]. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā flavonoids, nā sterols a pau, ka betaine, ka trigonelline a me nā metabolites lua ʻē aʻe i ka YCH hihiu e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo kiʻekiʻe.

I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ala KEGG ma nā metabolites i ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa loa ma waena o ka YCH hihiu a mahi ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā metabolites i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ala o ka ascorbate a me ka aldarate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine metabolism a me ka beta-alanine metabolism. ʻO kēia mau ala metabolic pili loa i nā mīkini pale koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu. I waena o lākou, he hana koʻikoʻi ka ascorbate metabolism i ka mea kanu antioxidant production, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, stress resistance a me nā hana physiological ʻē aʻe.26]; ʻO ka biosynthesis aminoacyl-tRNA he ala nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka protein.27,28], ka mea i komo i loko o ka synthesis o ka stress-kūpono proteins. Hiki i nā ala histidine a me ka β-alanine ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni.29,30]. Hōʻike hou kēia i nā ʻokoʻa o nā metabolites ma waena o ka YCH hihiu a me ka mahiʻai ʻana i pili pili i nā kaʻina hana o ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ka lepo ke kumu waiwai no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻau. ʻO ka Nitrogen (N), ka phosphorus (P) a me ka potassium (K) i loko o ka lepo, he mau mea waiwai nui ia no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā mea organik lepo ka N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg a me nā macroelements ʻē aʻe a me nā mea e pono ai no nā mea kanu lāʻau. ʻO ka nui a i ʻole ka hemahema o nā meaʻai, a i ʻole nā helu meaʻai kūpono ʻole, e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau, a ʻokoʻa nā mea kanu like ʻole [31,32,33]. No ka laʻana, he haʻahaʻa N stress paipai i ka synthesis o alkaloids ma Isatis indigotica, a ua pomaikai i ka hoahu ana o flavonoids i mea kanu e like me Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge a me Dichondra repens Forst. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka N i kaohi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā flavonoids i nā ʻano e like me Erigeron breviscapus, Abrus cantoniensis a me Ginkgo biloba, a pili i ka maikaʻi o nā mea lapaʻau.34]. Ua maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea kanu P i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka glycyrrhizic acid a me ka dihydroacetone i ka Ural licorice.35]. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noi ma mua o 0·12 kg·m−2, ua emi iho ka nui o ka flavonoids ma Tussilago farfara [36]. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea momona P i ka ʻike o ka polysaccharides i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina rhizoma polygonati [37], akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka fertilizer K i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona ʻike o nā saponins [38]. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fertilizer 450 kg·hm−2 K ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka ulu a me ka hōʻiliʻili saponin o Panax notoginseng ʻelua makahiki.39]. Ma lalo o ka lakio o N:P:K = 2:2:1, ʻo ka huina nui o ka hydrothermal extract, harpagide a me harpagoside ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa [40]. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o N, P a me K ua pōmaikaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o Pogostemon cablin a hoʻonui i ka ʻike o ka ʻaila volatile. ʻO ka ratio haʻahaʻa o N, P a me K i hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā mea pono nui o ka ʻaila lau lau ʻo Pogostemon cablin [41]. He mea kanu paa ole ka YCH i ka lepo, a he mau koi kupono no na mea ai e like me N, P a me K. Ma keia ao ana, i ka hoohalikeia me ka YCH i mahiia, ua ano paa ka lepo o na mea kanu YCH hihiu: ka lepo o na mea ola, huina N, huina P a me K huina pau ma kahi o 1/10, 1/2, 1/3 a me 1/3 o na mea kanu pakahi. No laila, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o nā meaʻai lepo ke kumu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā metabolites i ʻike ʻia ma ka YCH mahiʻai a me ka hihiu. Weibao Ma et al. [42] ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi nui o nā mea momona N a me nā mea kanu P i hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā hua. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o nā mea momona i ka maikaʻi o ka YCH, a pono e aʻo hou i nā ana fertilization e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o nā mea lapaʻau.

Loaʻa i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina nā hiʻohiʻona o "Hoʻonui nā wahi noho maikaʻi i ka hua, a ʻo nā wahi noho maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi" [43]. I ke kaʻina hana o ka neʻe mālie ʻana mai ka hihiu i ka YCH mahiʻai, ua hoʻololi ka noho ʻana o nā mea kanu mai ka wao nahele a me ka wao nahele steppe i ka ʻāina mahiʻai momona me ka wai nui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noho ʻana o ka YCH i hoʻoulu ʻia a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hua, he mea kōkua ia e hoʻokō i ka noi mākeke. Eia naʻe, ua alakaʻi kēia noho maikaʻi i nā loli nui i nā metabolites o YCH; inā paha he mea maikaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o YCH a pehea e hoʻokō ai i kahi hana kiʻekiʻe o YCH ma o nā ʻano mahiʻai ʻepekema e koi hou aku i ka noiʻi.

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka noho ʻana he ala ia e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka nohona a me nā kūlana kaiapuni o nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, ma muli o ka ʻike o ka hoʻololi lōʻihi o nā mea kanu i nā koʻikoʻi kaiapuni [43]. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano mea kaiapuni e pili ana i nā mea kanu hihiu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nohona kumu o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli, ua hoʻohana ke ala i ka hoʻolālā ʻepekema a me ka hana hou ʻana o ke kanaka e kaulike ai i ka ulu ʻana a me ka metabolism lua o nā mea kanu lāʻau Kina.43]. ʻO nā ala e hoʻokō ai i nā hoʻonohonoho kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe. Pono ke kanu ʻana i ka noho ʻana i kahi ala kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka YCH kiʻekiʻe inā ʻaʻole maopopo ke kumu pharmacodynamic, nā māka maikaʻi a me nā ʻano pane i nā mea kūlohelohe. No laila, ke manaʻo nei mākou e hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻepekema a me nā hana hoʻokele mahina i ka mahi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o YCH me ka pili ʻana i nā ʻano kūlohelohe o ka YCH hihiu, e like me ke kūlana ʻāina maloʻo, pā a me ke one. Ma ka manawa like, manaʻolana ʻia e hana hou nā mea noiʻi i ka noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i ke kumu waiwai hana a me nā māka maikaʻi o YCH. Hiki i kēia mau haʻawina ke hāʻawi i nā koina loiloi maikaʻi loa no YCH, a hoʻoikaika i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka ʻoihana.

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ʻO ka ʻaila Herbal Fructus Amomi Nā lomilomi kūlohelohe 1kg Bulk Amomum villosum ʻaila nui

Ua hoʻonui ka ʻohana Zingiberaceae i ka noiʻi allelopathic ma muli o ka waiwai o ka aila volatile a me ka ʻono o kona ʻano lālā. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi mua i nā kemika mai Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) [40], Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) BLBurtt & RMSm. [41] a me Zingiber officinale Rosc. [42] o ka ʻohana ginger he hopena allelopathic i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua a me ka ulu ʻana o nā hua o ka maile, letus a me ke kōmato. ʻO kā mākou haʻawina i kēia manawa ka hōʻike mua loa e pili ana i ka hana allelopathic o nā volatiles mai nā kumu, nā lau, a me nā hua ʻōpio o A. villosum (he lālā o ka ʻohana Zingiberaceae). He 0.15%, 0.40%, a me 0.50% ka aila o na kumu, lau, a me na hua opiopio, e hoike ana ua hua mai na hua i ka aila mahuka ma mua o na kumu a me na lau. ʻO nā mea nui o nā aila hoʻoheheʻe mai nā kumu he β-pinene, β-phellandrene a me α-pinene, he ʻano like ia me nā mea kemika nui o ka ʻaila lau, β-pinene a me α-pinene (monoterpene hydrocarbons). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka aila i loko o nā hua ʻōpio ua waiwai i ka bornyl acetate a me ka camphor (oxygenated monoterpenes). Ua kākoʻo ʻia nā hopena e nā ʻike a Do N Dai [30,32] and Hui Ao [31] ka mea i ike i na aila mai na kino like ole o A. villosum.

Ua nui nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā hana pale i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau pūhui nui i nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻo Shalinder Kaur ʻo ka α-pinene mai ka eucalyptus i hoʻopaʻa nui i ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pana o Amaranthus viridis L. ma ka 1.0 μL ka nui [43], a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua kāohi ka α-pinene i ka ulu mua ʻana o ke aʻa a ua hoʻopōʻino ʻia i ka ʻiʻo o ke aʻa ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive [44]. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi mau hōʻike i ka β-pinene i keʻakeʻa i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu o nā nāhelehele hoʻāʻo ma ke ʻano pane e pili ana i ka dosis ma o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pono o ka membrane.45], hoʻololi i ka biochemistry mea kanu a hoʻonui i nā hana o peroxidases a me polyphenol oxidases [46]. Ua hōʻike ʻo β-Phellandrene i ka pale ʻoi loa i ka germination a me ka ulu ʻana o Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp ma kahi ʻano o 600 ppm [47], oiai, ma kahi o 250 mg/m3, ua hoopau ka camphor i ka radicle a me ka ulu pana o Lepidium sativum L. [48]. Eia naʻe, liʻiliʻi ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hopena allelopathic o ka bornyl acetate. I loko o kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o nā hopena allelopathic o ka β-pinene, bornyl acetate a me ka camphor ma ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa ma mua o nā aila volatile koe wale nō ka α-pinene, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻaila lau, waiwai i ka α-pinene, ua ʻoi aku ka phytotoxic ma mua o nā aila volatile e pili ana mai nā kumu a me nā hua o A. villosum, nā ʻike nui ʻelua e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano maʻi maʻi a pau e hōʻike ana i kēia ʻano maʻi maʻi. Ma ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena e hiki ke kōkua i kekahi mau pūhui i loko o ka ʻaila huaʻai ʻaʻole nui i ka hana ʻana i ka hopena phytotoxic, kahi ʻike e pono ai ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻo ka hopena allelopathic o nā allelochemicals he ʻano-specific. ʻO Jiang et al. ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻaila nui i hana ʻia e Artemisia sieversiana i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka Amaranthus retroflexus L. ma mua o Medicago sativa L., Poa annua L., a me Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. [49]. Ma kekahi haʻawina, ʻo ka ʻaila volatile o Lavandula angustifolia Mill. ua hoʻopuka i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena phytotoxic i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole. Lolium multiflorum Lam. ʻO ia ka mea maʻalahi loa, ʻo ka hypocotyl a me ka ulu ʻana o ka radicle i keakea ʻia e 87.8% a me 76.7%, i kēlā me kēia, ma kahi ʻano o 1 μL/mL aila, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka hypocotyl o nā kumulāʻau kukama [20]. Ua hōʻike pū kā mākou mau hopena i ka ʻokoʻa o ka naʻau i ka A. villosum volatiles ma waena o L. sativa a me L. perenne.

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui a me/a i ʻole ka qualitative o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano like ʻole ma muli o nā kūlana ulu, nā ʻāpana mea kanu a me nā ʻano ʻike. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike he pyranoid (10.3%) a me β-caryophyllene (6.6%) nā pūhui nui o nā volatiles i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā lau o Sambucus nigra, aʻo benzaldehyde (17.8%), α-bulnesene (16.6%) a me tetracosane (11.5%) he nui i loko o ka ʻaila.50]. I loko o kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka allelopathic compound i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā mea kanu hou i nā mea kanu hoʻāʻo ma mua o nā ʻaila volatile i unuhi ʻia, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o ka pane ʻana e pili kokoke ana i nā ʻokoʻa o nā allelochemicals i loaʻa i nā hoʻomākaukau ʻelua. Pono e noiʻi hou ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pūhui volatile a me nā ʻaila i nā hoʻokolohua ma hope.

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ka microbial diversity a me ka microbial community structure i loko o nā laʻana lepo kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā aila volatile e pili ana i ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā microorganism a me nā hopena ʻona a me ka lōʻihi o ka aila volatile i ka lepo. Vokou me Liotiri [51] ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o ʻehā mau aila pono (0.1 mL) i ka lepo mahiʻai (150 g) i hoʻāla ʻia ka hanu ʻana o nā ʻāpana lepo, ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā ʻaila i ko lākou haku mele ʻana, me ka manaʻo e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaila mea kanu ma ke kumu kalapona a me ka ikehu e nā microorganisms lepo. Ua hōʻoia ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa ua kōkua nā ʻaila mai ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa o A. villosum i ka hoʻonui maopopo ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻano fungal lepo ma ka lā 14 ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka aila, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka ʻaila ke hāʻawi i ke kumu kalapona no ka ʻoi aku o ka lepo. Ua hōʻike kekahi haʻawina i kahi ʻike: ua hoʻihoʻi nā microorganisms lepo i kā lākou hana mua a me ka biomass ma hope o ka manawa pōkole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻaila Thymbra capitata L. (Cav), akā ʻo ka ʻaila ma ka nui kiʻekiʻe (0.93 µL aila no ka gram o ka lepo) ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā microorganisms lepo e hoʻihoʻi i ka hana mua [52]. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ma muli o ka ʻike microbiological o ka lepo ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana me nā lā like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ua manaʻo mākou e ola hou ke kaiāulu bacteria lepo ma hope o nā lā hou aʻe. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki i ka microbiota fungal ke hoʻi i kona kūlana mua. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma lalo nei i kēia kuhiakau: ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka ʻaila i ka haku ʻana o ka microbiome fungal lepo e ka principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), a ua hōʻoia hou nā hōʻike wela i ka hui kaiaulu fungal o ka lepo i mālama ʻia me 3.0 mg/mL aila (ʻo ia hoʻi he 0.375 mg aila i kēlā me kēia gram o ka lepo. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka monoterpene hydrocarbons a i ʻole ka oxygenated monoterpenes i ka ʻokoʻa microbial lepo a me ke ʻano kaiāulu. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi ʻana ua hoʻonui ka α-pinene i ka hana microbial lepo a me ka nui o ka Methylophilaceae (kahi hui o nā methylotrophs, Proteobacteria) ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona i nā lepo maloʻo.53]. Pēlā hoʻi, ka ʻaila hinu o A. villosum mea kanu holoʻokoʻa, loaʻa ka 15.03% α-pinene (Papa Pākuʻi S1), ua hoʻonui aʻe i ka nui pili o Proteobacteria ma 1.5 mg/mL a me 3.0 mg/mL, i manaʻo ʻia e hana paha ka α-pinene ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona no nā microorganisms lepo.

ʻO nā pūhui volatile i hana ʻia e nā kino like ʻole o A. villosum ua loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena allelopathic ma L. sativa a me L. perenne, kahi i pili pono i nā mea kemika i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana mea kanu A. villosum. ʻOiai ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke ʻano kemika o ka ʻaila maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e A. villosum ma ka lumi wela, kahi e pono ai ka hoʻokolokolo hou. Eia kekahi, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hopena synergistic ma waena o nā allelochemical like ʻole. Ma nā ʻōlelo o nā microorganisms lepo, no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hopena o ka aila maʻemaʻe ma luna o nā microorganism lepo, pono mākou e hana i ka noiʻi hohonu: e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama o ka aila volatile a ʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻaila i loko o ka lepo i nā lā like ʻole.

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ʻO ka ʻaila Artemisia capillaris maʻemaʻe no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i ka diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā diffusers puhi ʻohe.

Hoʻolālā hoʻohālike rodent

Ua māhele ʻia nā holoholona i ʻelima mau pūʻulu o nā ʻiole he ʻumikumamālima. ʻO ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu a me ka hui pūʻulu hoʻohālike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia meaila sesameno 6 lā. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻiole hui mana maikaʻi me nā papa bifendate (BT, 10 mg / kg) no nā lā 6. Ua mālamaʻia nā hui hoʻokolohua me 100 mg / kg a me 50 mg / kg AEO i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i kaʻaila sesame no nā lā 6. Ma ka lā 6, ua mālama ʻia ka pūʻulu mana me ka aila sesame, a ua mālama ʻia nā hui ʻē aʻe a pau me ka nui o 0.2% CCl4 i ka aila sesame (10 ml/kg) e.hoʻokomo ʻia intraperitoneal. A laila hoʻokē ʻai ʻia nā ʻiole me ka wai ʻole, a ʻohi ʻia nā ʻano koko mai nā moku retrobulbar; ʻO ke koko i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ua centrifuged ma 3000 ×gno 10 min e hoʻokaʻawale i ka serum.ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāʻīua hana koke ʻia ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ke koko, a ua wehe koke ʻia nā laʻana o ke ake. Ua mālama koke ʻia kekahi ʻāpana o ke akepaʻa ma −20 ° C a hiki i ka nānā ʻana, a ʻoki ʻia kekahi ʻāpana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi 10%formalinhoʻonā; ua mālama ʻia nā ʻiʻo i koe ma −80 °C no ka nānā ʻana i ka histopathological (Wang et al., 2008,Hsu et al., 2009,Nie et al., 2015).

ʻO ke ana o nā ʻāpana biochemical i ka serum

Ua helu ʻia ka ʻeha o ke ake ma ka manaʻo ʻana i kanā hana enzymatico ka serum ALT a me AST e hoʻohana ana i nā pahu pāʻoihana e like me nā kuhikuhi no nā kits (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Kina). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana enzymatic e like me nā ʻāpana no ka lita (U/l).

Ana o MDA, SOD, GSH a me GSH-Pxi loko o ka ate homogenates

Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻiʻo o ke ake me ka saline physiological anuanu ma kahi ratio 1: 9 (w / v, ate: saline). Ua centrifuged nā homogenates (2500 ×gno 10 min) e hōʻiliʻili i nā supernatants no nā hoʻoholo hope. Ua helu ʻia ka pōʻino o ka ate e like me nā ana hepatic o nā pae MDA a me GSH a me ka SOD a me GSH-P.xnā hana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia mau mea a pau ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ma ka kit (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Kina). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena no MDA a me GSH e like me nmol per mg protein (nmol/mg prot), a me nā hana o SOD a me GSH-Pxua hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he U no ka mg protein (U / mg prot).

ʻIkepili histopathological

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana o ke akepaʻa hou i loko o kahi 10% bufferedparaformaldehydephosphate solution. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laʻana i loko o ka paraffin, ʻokiʻoki ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana 3-5 μm, ʻulaʻula me kahematoxylinaeosin(H&E) e like me ke kaʻina hana maʻamau, a hoʻopaʻa hope ʻia emicroscopy māmā(Tian et al., 2012).

Ka helu helu

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke ʻano he mean ± standard deviation (SD). Ua kālailai ʻia nā hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papahana helu SPSS Statistics, version 19.0. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili i kahi loiloi o ka ʻokoʻa (ANOVA,p<0.05) a ukaliia e ka ho'āʻo a Dunnett a me ka ho'āʻo T3 o Dunnett e hoʻoholo i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā waiwai o nā hui hoʻokolohua like ʻole. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma kahi pae op< 0.05.

Nā hualoaʻa a me ke kūkākūkā

Nā mea koho o AEO

Ma ka nānā ʻana o GC/MS, ua ʻike ʻia ka AEO he 25 mau mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai 10 a 35 mau minuke, a ua ʻike ʻia he 21 mau mea nona ka 84% o ka aila pono.Papa 1). ʻO ka ʻaila volatile i loaʻamonoterpenoids(80.9%), sesquiterpenoids (9.5%), saturated unbranched hydrocarbons (4.86%) a me nā ʻano like ʻole acetylene (4.86%). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe (ʻO Guo et al., 2004), ua loaʻa iā mākou nā monoterpenoids nui (80.90%) ma ka AEO. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ʻo ka mea nui loa o ka AEO ʻo β-citronellol (16.23%). ʻO nā mea nui ʻē aʻe o AEO he 1,8-cineole (13.9%),camphor(12.59%),linalool(11.33%), α-pinene (7.21%), β-pinene (3.99%),thymol(3.22%), amyrcene(2.02%). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka haku melemele e pili ana i nā kūlana kaiapuni i ʻike ʻia ai ka mea kanu, e like me ka wai mineral, ka lā, ka pae o ka ulu ʻana a memeaʻai.

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ʻO ka aila Saposhnikovia divaricata maʻemaʻe no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i ka diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā diffusers kuni ʻohe.

2.1. Ka hoomakaukau ana o SDE

Ua kūʻai ʻia nā rhizomes o SD ma ke ʻano he lāʻau maloʻo mai Hanherb Co. (Guri, Korea). Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā mea kanu e Kauka Go-Ya Choi o ka Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM). Ua waiho ʻia kahi palapala hōʻailona (helu 2014 SDE-6) i ka Korean Herbarium of Standard Herbal Resources. Ua unuhi ʻia nā rhizomes maloʻo o SD (320 g) i ʻelua me ka 70% ethanol (me ka 2 h reflux) a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka extract ma lalo o ke kaomi hoʻemi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka decoction, lyophilized, a mālama ʻia ma 4 ° C. ʻO 48.13% (w/w) ka loaʻa ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻomaloʻo maloʻo.

2.2. Kūlana Kiʻekiʻe-Hiʻona Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana Chromatographic me kahi ʻōnaehana HPLC (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA) a me kahi mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi. No ka hōʻike HPLC o SDE, ʻo ka prim-O-glucosylcimifugin standard i kūʻai ʻia mai ka Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry (Gyeongsan, Korea), asec-O-glucosylhamaudol a me 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-OUa hoʻokaʻawale ʻia -methylvisamminol i loko o kā mākou hale hana a ʻike ʻia e nā loiloi spectral, ma mua o NMR a me MS.

Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā hōʻailona SDE (0.1 mg) i 70% ethanol (10 mL). Hana ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale Chromatographic me kahi kolamu XSelect HSS T3 C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5μm, Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). ʻO ka māhele kelepona he acetonitrile (A) a me ka 0.1% acetic acid i loko o ka wai (B) ma kahi kahe kahe o 1.0 mL / min. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi papahana gradient multistep penei: 5% A (0 min), 5-20% A (0-10 min), 20% A (10-23 min), a me 20-65% A (23-40 min). Ua nānā ʻia ka lōʻihi hawewe ʻike ma 210-400 nm a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 254 nm. ʻO ka nui o ka injection he 10.0μL. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā haʻina maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā chromones ʻekolu i ka hopena hope o 7.781 mg/mL (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin), 31.125 mg/mL (4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol), a me 31.125 mg/mL (sec-O-glucosylhamaudol) i loko o ka methanol a mālama ʻia ma 4°C.

2.3. Ka Loiloi o ka Hana Anai-InflammatoryIn Vitro

2.3.1. Ka Moʻomeheu Cell a me ka Laʻana Lapaʻau

Ua loaʻa nā pūnaewele RAW 264.7 mai ka American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) a ua ulu i loko o ka medium DMEM i loaʻa ka 1% antibiotic a me 5.5% FBS. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kelepona i loko o kahi ea humidified o 5% CO2 ma 37 ° C. No ka hoʻouluʻana i nā pūnaewele, ua hoʻololiʻia ka medium me ka DMEM hou, a me ka lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) ma 1.μUa hoʻohui ʻia ka g/mL ma ke alo a i ʻole ka nele o SDE (200 a i ʻole 400μg/mL) no 24 mau hola hou.

2.3.2. Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana o ka Nitric Oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α), a me Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Production

Ua mālama ʻia nā kelepona me SDE a hoʻoulu ʻia me LPS no 24 mau hola. NO ka hana ʻana i kālailai ʻia ma ke ana ʻana i ka nitrite me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Griess reagent e like me kahi noiʻi mua.12]. Ka huna o na cytokines inflammatory PGE2, TNF-α, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo IL-6 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kit ELISA (R&D system) e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hopena o SDE ma NO a me ka hana cytokine ma 540 nm a i ʻole 450 nm me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Wallac EnVision.™mea heluhelu microplate (PerkinElmer).

2.4. Ka Loiloi o ka Hana AntiosteoarthritisMa Vivo

2.4.1. Holoholona

Ua kūʻai ʻia nā ʻiole kāne Sprague-Dawley (7 mau pule) mai Samtako Inc. (Osan, Korea) a mālama ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana i hoʻomalu ʻia me ka pōʻaiapuni māmā/ʻeleʻele 12-h ma°C a% haʻahaʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻiole i kahi meaʻai a me ka waiad libitum. Ua hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana hoʻokolohua a pau e like me nā alakaʻi alakaʻi o nā National Institutes of Health (NIH) a ʻae ʻia e ke Kōmike mālama holoholona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kulanui ʻo Daejeon (Daejeon, repubalika o Korea).

2.4.2. Hoʻokomo ʻia o OA me MIA ma nā ʻiole

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā holoholona a hāʻawi ʻia i nā hui lapaʻau ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana (no kēlā me kēia hui). Hoʻonā MIA (3 mg/50μL o 0.9% saline) ua hoʻokomo pololei ʻia i loko o ka intra-articular space o ka kuli ʻākau ma lalo o ka anesthesia i hoʻokomo ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ketamine a me xylazine. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻiole i ʻehā mau pūʻulu: (1) ka hui paʻakai me ka ʻole o MIA injection, (2) ka hui MIA me MIA injection, (3) ka hui SDE-treated (200 mg / kg) me MIA injection, a me (4) ka indomethacin- (IM-) i mālama ʻia (2 mg / kg) me MIA injection. Hāʻawi waha ʻia nā ʻiole me SDE a me IM 1 pule ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o MIA no 4 mau pule. ʻO ke ʻano o ka SDE a me IM i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia noiʻi ʻana ma luna o nā mea i hana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua [10,13,14].

2.4.3. Ana o Hindpaw Wehe Kaumaha

Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka OA, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke koena kumu i ka hiki ke kaumaha o nā hindpaws. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hōʻike incapacitance (Linton instrumentation, Norfolk, UK) e loiloi i nā loli i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ke kaumaha. Hoʻokomo pono ʻia nā ʻiole i loko o ke keʻena ana. ʻO ka ikaika kaumaha i hanaʻia e ka lālā hope i hoʻohālikelikeʻia ma kahi o 3 mau manawa. Ua helu ʻia ka lākiō puʻunaue kaumaha e kēia hoohalike: [kaumaha ma ka ʻaoʻao hope ʻākau/(kaumaha ma ka lālā hope ʻākau + kaumaha ma ka lālā hope hema)] × 100 [15].

2.4.4. Nā ana o nā pae Serum Cytokine

Ua centrifuged nā koko koko ma 1,500 g no 10 min ma 4 ° C; a laila ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka serum a mālama ʻia ma −70 ° C a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana. Nā pae o IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, a me PGE2 i loko o ka serum ua ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kits ELISA mai R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana.

2.4.5. ʻIkepili RT-PCR ʻOiaʻiʻo

Ua unuhiʻia ka nui o ka RNA mai ke kino hui kuli me ka TRI reagent® (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hoʻohuli houʻia i loko o ka cDNA a me ka PCR-amplified me ka TM One Step RT PCR kit me SYBR green (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Ua hana ʻia ka PCR quantitative maoli me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina kumu mua a me ke kaʻina noiʻi ma ka Papa1. Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā Aliquots o nā cDNA laʻana a me ka nui like o GAPDH cDNA me ka TaqMan® Universal PCR master mixture i loaʻa ka DNA polymerase e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). ʻO nā kūlana PCR he 2 min ma 50 ° C, 10 min ma 94 ° C, 15 mau minuke ma 95 ° C, a me 1 min ma 60 ° C no 40 mau manawa. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka manaʻo o ka gene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano Ct (helu pōʻai paepae ma ke ʻano ma waena o ka amplification plot a me ka paepae), e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana.

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ʻO ka ʻaila Dalbergia Odoriferae Lignum maʻemaʻe no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i ka diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā diffusers puhi ʻohe.

ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻauʻO Dalbergia odoriferaʻO T. Chen ʻano, i kapa ʻiaLignum Dalbergia odoriferae[1], no ka genusDalbergia, ʻohana Fabaceae (Leguminosae) [2]. Ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia kēia mea kanu ma nā ʻāina wela o Central a me ʻAmelika Hema, ʻApelika, Madagascar, a me ʻAsia Hikina a me Hema.1,3], ʻoi aku ma Kina [4].D. odoriferaʻano, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "Jiangxiang" ma ka ʻōlelo Kina, "Kangjinhyang" ma Korean, a me "Koshinko" i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Iapana, ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, blood disorders, ischemia, pehu, necrosis, rheumatic pain, a pēlā aku.5–7]. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, mai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina, ua loaʻa ka heartwood a ua hoʻohana mau ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hui ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi cardiovascular, me ka Qi-Shen-Yi-Qi decoction, Guanxin-Danshen pills, a me Danshen injection [5,6,8–11]. E like me nā mea ʻē aʻeDalbergiaʻano, nā noiʻi phytochemical i hōʻike ʻia i ka hiki ʻana mai o ka flavonoids, phenol, a me sesquiterpene derivatives nui ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o kēia mea kanu, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke ʻano o ka heartwood [12]. Eia kekahi, he nui o nā hōʻike bioactive e pili ana i ka cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiosteosarcoma, antiosteoporosis, a me nā hana vasorelaxant a me nā hana pale alpha-glucosidase e hōʻike ana ʻelua.D. odoriferaʻO nā ʻōpala palaka a me kāna mau metabolites lua he mau kumuwaiwai waiwai no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lāʻau hou. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia no ka ʻike ākea e pili ana i kēia mea kanu. Ma kēia loiloi, hāʻawi mākou i kahi ʻike o nā mea kemika nui a me nā loiloi biological. E kōkua ana kēia loiloi i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā loina kuʻuna oD. odoriferaa me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe e pili ana, a hāʻawi ia i nā alakaʻi kūpono no nā noiʻi e hiki mai ana.

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Kūʻai nui maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe maoli Atractylodes Lancea aila no kēlā me kēia lā ʻoihana lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau ʻaila Atractylis.

NĀ KĀNĀWAI O KA HOʻohana A ME KA ʻike nui: Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻike e hoʻohui, ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mai kāu kauka a i ʻole mea mālama ola kino a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e uhi i nā hoʻohana āpau, ka mālama ʻana, ka pilina a i ʻole nā hopena ʻino. ʻAʻole kūpono paha kēia ʻike i kou kūlana olakino. Mai hoʻokaʻulua a hoʻowahāwahā paha i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo lapaʻau ʻoihana mai kāu kauka a i ʻole kekahi mea mālama ola olakino ma muli o kahi mea āu i heluhelu ai ma WebMD. Pono ʻoe e kamaʻilio mau me kāu kauka a i ʻole ʻoihana mālama ola ma mua o kou hoʻomaka ʻana, hoʻōki, a hoʻololi paha i kekahi ʻāpana i kuhikuhi ʻia o kāu hoʻolālā mālama olakino a lapaʻau paha a e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kūpono iā ʻoe.

Hāʻawi ʻia kēia mea kope kope e Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. ʻO ka ʻike mai kēia kumu he mea hōʻike a me ka pahuhopu, a me ka ʻole o ka mana ʻoihana. No ka 'ike lapa'au 'oihana e pili ana i nā lā'au maoli, e 'ike i ka Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.

kikoʻī
Kūʻai nui maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe maoli Atractylodes Lancea aila no kēlā me kēia lā ʻoihana lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau ʻaila Atractylis.

He aha ka Atractylodes lancea root extract?

ʻO Atractylodes lancea kahi kumu Kina, lāʻau waiwai waiwai, i mahi ʻia no kāna rhizomes. Aia i loko o kāna rhizomes nā aila pono.

Hoʻohana a me nā pono:

Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai anti-inflammatory, hoʻomaha ia i ka ʻili ke hoʻohana ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻili ʻeha, ka ʻili ʻeha.

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ʻO ka aila Menthol CamphorBorneol no ka ʻauʻau a me ka ʻala
Nā Pono Ola a me nā hoʻohana

Hāʻawi ʻo Borneol i kahi hui maikaʻi loa o ka lāʻau lapaʻau Komohana a me Hikina. Ua laha ka hopena o Borneol i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi like ʻole. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina, pili ia me ke ake, meridian spleen, puʻuwai, a me nā māmā. Aia ma lalo ka papa inoa o kekahi o kāna mau pono olakino.

E hakakā ana i ka maʻi hanu a me ka maʻi māmā

He nui nā haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka terpenes, a me Borneol, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e hōʻemi i ka maʻi hanu. Ua loaʻa iā Borneolhōʻike maikaʻii ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka mumū o ka māmā ma o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻana i nā cytokines inflammatory a me ka infiltration inflammatory. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka poʻe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina i ka Borneol e mālama i ka bronchitis a me nā maʻi like ʻole.

Nā waiwai anticancer

Ua hōʻike pū ʻo Borneolwaiwai anticancerma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana a Selenocysteine (SeC). Hoʻemi kēia i ka laha maʻi kanesa ma o ka make ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi apoptotic (programmed). I nā haʻawina he nui, ua hōʻike pū ʻo Borneol i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono oʻimi lāʻau antitumor.

analgesic pono

Ma kahiao anae noʻonoʻo ana i ka ʻeha postoperative i loko o nā kānaka, ua alakaʻi ʻia ka noi Borneol topical i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka ʻeha i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi hui hoʻomalu placebo. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana nā acupuncturists i ka Borneol topically no kāna mau mea analgesic.

Ka hana anti-inflammatory

Ua loaʻa iā Borneolhōʻike ʻiake ālai ʻana i kekahi mau ala ion e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻeha a me ka mumū. He kōkua nō hoʻi i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka ʻeha mai nā maʻi ʻeha e like merheumatoid arthritis.

Nā hopena neuroprotective

Hāʻawi ʻo Borneol i kahi pale maiʻo ka make ʻana o ka cell neuronali ka hopena o ka ischemic stroke. He mea maʻalahi hoʻi i ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻiʻo lolo a hoʻoponopono. Manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa kēia hopena neuroprotective ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka permeability o kapale koko-lolo.

Paipai i ke kaumaha a me ka luhi

ʻO kekahi poʻe hoʻohana i nā kānana cannabis me nā kiʻekiʻe Borneol kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana e hoʻemi i ko lākou mau koʻikoʻi a hōʻemi i ka luhi, no laila e ʻae ai i kahi kūlana hoʻomaha me ka hoʻomaha ʻole. Hoʻomaopopo pū ka poʻe e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kinakona mana hoʻomaha pilikial.

Ka hopena hui

E like me nā terpenes ʻē aʻe, ua hōʻike nā hopena o Borneol i hui pū me nā cannabinoids o ka cannabishopena hui.Hana ʻia kēia i ka wā e hana pū ai nā pūhui e hāʻawi i kahi pōmaikaʻi therapeutic kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i ka Borneol ke hoʻonui i ke kahe o ka pale koko-lolo, e ʻae ai i ka maʻalahi o ka hele ʻana o nā molekala lapaʻau i ka ʻōnaehana nerve waena.

Ma waho aʻe o ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau o Borneol, hoʻohana mau ʻia ia i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe pepeke ma muli o kona ʻona kūlohelohe i nā ʻōpala he nui. Hoʻohana nā mea ʻala i ka Borneol no kona ʻala ʻoluʻolu i ke kanaka.

Hiki i nā pilikia a me nā hopena ʻaoʻao

Manaʻo pinepine ʻia ʻo Borneol he terpene lua i ka cannabis, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻike ʻia ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Ua manaʻo ʻia he palekana kēia mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o Borneol. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe kaʻawale a i ʻole ka ʻike lōʻihi, hiki i Borneol ke loaʻa i kekahinā pilikia a me nā hopena ʻaoʻao, me:

ʻIli ʻili

ʻO ka huhū o ka ihu a me ka puʻu

ʻEha poʻo

Nausea a me ka luai

Poniuniu

Poʻo māmā

Maule

Me ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa o Borneol, hiki i nā kānaka ke ʻike:

Hoʻomaha ʻole

ʻO ka hoʻohaunaele

Ka nānā ʻole

Hoʻopiʻi

Inā ʻai ʻia, hiki ke lilo i mea ʻawaʻawa

He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole hiki i ka nui o ka cannabis ke kumu i kēia mau hōʻailona. ʻAʻole loaʻa ka huhū me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka analgesia a me nā hopena ʻē aʻe.
kikoʻī
ʻO ka aila Cnidii Fructus maʻemaʻe no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i ka diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā diffusers kuni ʻohe.

He mea kanu ʻo Cnidium no Kina. Ua loaʻa nō hoʻi ia ma ka US ma Oregon. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hua, ka ʻanoʻano, a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe i lāʻau lapaʻau.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cnidium i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kuʻuna Kina (TCM) no nā kaukani makahiki, pinepine no nā maʻi ʻili. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha he mea maʻamau ka cnidium i nā lotions Kina, nā ʻaila, a me nā ʻaila.

Lawe ka poʻe i ka cnidium ma ka waha no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana moe kolohe a me ka hoʻokalakupua, a no ka mālama ʻana i ka erectile dysfunction (ED). Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Cnidium no ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā keiki (infertility), bodybuilding, cancer, iwi nāwaliwali (osteoporosis), a me nā maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi bacteria. Lawe kekahi poʻe e hoʻonui i ka ikehu.

Hoʻopili pololei ʻia ʻo Cnidium i ka ʻili no ka ʻili, ka ʻūhā, ka eczema, a me ka ʻili.

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ʻO ka ʻaila ʻala ʻala oud Branded no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i nā diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe puhi ʻohe.

ʻO ka hui kemika o ATR

ʻO ka hoʻohui kemika o ATR he mau mea volatile a me nā ʻāpana non-volatile. ʻO ka ATR essential oil (ATEO) ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea ikaika o ATR, a ʻo ka ʻike o ATEO ʻo ia wale nō ka hōʻailona no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike ATR. I kēia manawa, aia nā noiʻi like ʻole e pili ana i nā ʻāpana volatile a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana non-volatile. He paʻakikī nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, a ʻo nā ʻano kumu nui he phenylpropanoids (phenylpropanoids maʻalahi, lignans a me coumarins) a me nā terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids a me triterpenes). ʻO nā ʻāpana non-volatile ka nui o nā alkaloids, aldehydes a me nā waikawa, nā quinones a me nā ketones, nā sterols, nā amino acids, a me nā haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā hopena o ka ATR chemical composition study e kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kāna noiʻi maikaʻi.

ʻO ka haku mele ʻana

Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i nā ʻenehana hoʻāʻo analytical e like me ka chromatography a me GC-MS e kālailai i nā ʻāpana kemika o ATR mai nā kumu like ʻole, nā pūʻulu ʻokoʻa, nā ʻano unuhi ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole. ʻO nā haʻawina mua i hōʻike ʻia ʻo nā mea kemika nui i loko o ka ATR he mau aila volatile, ʻo ia ka hōʻailona koʻikoʻi no ka loiloi maikaʻi o ATR. ʻO ka α-Asarone a me ka β-asarone i helu ʻia no 95% o nā aila volatile ATR a ua ʻike ʻia he mau mea kikoʻī (Helu 1) (Lam et al., 2016a). Hoʻopaʻa ka "Pharmacopoeia of The People's Republic of China" (2020 Edition) ʻaʻole pono ka emi o ka ʻaila hinu o ATR ma lalo o 1.0% (mL/g). I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano mea ʻaila volatile ma ATR

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