Hale Hana Hana | Nā mea hana a me nā mea hoʻolako huahana Kina

ʻO ka aila jojoba organik i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ʻaila jojoba seed carrier oil no ka lomilomi mālama ʻili

ʻO nā mea nui o ka aila Jojoba maoli he Palmitic Acid, Erucic Acid, Oleic Acid, a me Gadoleic Acid. He waiwai nui ka aila Jojoba i nā huaora e like me ka Vitamin E a me ka Vitamin B complex.
He gula ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka mea kanu wai o ka Jojoba Plant. ʻO ka ʻaila lāʻau ʻo Jojoba kahi ʻala nutty hiʻohiʻona a he mea hoʻohui i makemake ʻia i nā huahana mālama pilikino e like me ka creams, makeup, shampoo, etc. Jojoba herbal medicinal aila hiki ke hoʻopili pololei ʻia i ka ʻili no ka Sunburn, Psoriasis, a me Acne. Hoʻoikaika ka ʻaila Jojoba maʻemaʻe i ka ulu lauoho.

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ʻO ka aila pono maoli no ka mālama ʻili Aromatherapy

ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻohi ʻana a i ʻole ke kaʻina hana: ʻO ka mahu

Māhele Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia: Pua

Ke kumu o ka ʻāina: Kina

Hoʻohana: Diffuse/aromatherapy/massage

Ola ola: 3 makahiki

Hana maʻamau: lepili maʻamau a me ka pahu a i ʻole kāu koi

Palapala hōʻoia:GMPC/FDA/ISO9001/MSDS/COA

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100% Maʻemaʻe Organic Magnoliae Oficmalis Cortex Aila Pono No ka mālama ʻili.

ʻO ka ʻala o Hou Po he ʻawaʻawa a ʻoi loa ka ʻala a laila wehe mālie ʻia me ka hohonu, ka ʻono syrupy a me ka mahanahana.

ʻO ka pilina o Hou Po i ka Honua a me nā mea metala kahi e hana ikaika ai ka wela ʻawaʻawa e iho i ka Qi a me ka wai maloʻo. Ma muli o kēia mau ʻano, hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina e hōʻoluʻolu i ka stagnation a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i loko o ka digestive tract a me ka ʻū ʻana a me ka wheezing ma muli o ka phlegm keakea i ka māmā.

ʻO Magnolia Officinials kahi kumu lāʻau ʻāpala i nā mauna a me nā awāwa o Sichuan, Hubei a me nā panalāʻau ʻē aʻe o Kina. ʻO ka ʻili ʻala maikaʻi loa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna Kina, ua ʻoki ʻia mai nā kumu, nā lālā a me nā aʻa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ʻApelila a Iune. ʻO ka ʻili mānoanoa, paheʻe, kaumaha me ka ʻaila, he ʻulaʻula ma ka ʻaoʻao i loko me kahi aniani e like me ke aniani.

E noʻonoʻo paha ka poʻe hoʻomaʻamaʻa e hoʻohui i ka Hou Po me ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi Qing Pi ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo hoʻomaikaʻi kiʻekiʻe i nā hui ʻana i manaʻo ʻia e wāwahi i nā hōʻiliʻili.

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ʻO ka ʻaila ʻaila Macrocephalae Rhizoma kūlohelohe OEM

Ma ke ʻano he lāʻau chemotherapeutic maikaʻi, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi ma ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma, a me ka ovary. A ʻo 5-FU ka lāʻau lapaʻau mua no ka maʻi maʻi colorectal ma ke keʻena. ʻO ka hana hana o 5-FU ka mea e ālai ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uracil nucleic acid i thymine nucleic acid i loko o nā pūnaewele tumo, a laila e hoʻopili i ka synthesis a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o DNA a me RNA e hoʻokō i kāna hopena cytotoxic (Afzal et al., 2009; Ducreux et. al., 2015; Longley et al., 2003). Eia nō naʻe, hoʻopuka ʻo 5-FU i ka maʻi maʻi chemotherapy-induced (CID), kekahi o nā hopena ʻino maʻamau e hoʻopilikia ai i nā maʻi he nui (Filho et al., 2016). ʻO ka nui o ka maʻi maʻi i nā maʻi i mālama ʻia me 5-FU a hiki i 50% -80%, ka mea i hoʻopilikia nui i ka holomua a me ka pono o ka chemotherapy (Iacovelli et al., 2014; Rosenoff et al., 2006). No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono no 5-FU i hoʻokomo ʻia CID.

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hana lāʻau ʻole a me nā hana lāʻau i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau o CID. ʻO nā hana lāʻau ʻole he ʻai kūpono, a hoʻohui pū me ka paʻakai, ke kō a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me loperamide a me ka octreotide i ka anti-diarrhea therapy o CID (Benson et al., 2004). Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ethnomedicines e mālama iā CID me kā lākou ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina kahiko (TCM) kekahi ethnomedicine maʻamau i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ma mua o 2000 mau makahiki ma nā ʻāina ʻĀkia Hikina me Kina, Iapana a me Korea (Qi et al., 2010). Manaʻo ʻo TCM e hoʻomaka ana nā lāʻau chemotherapeutic i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Qi, ka hemahema o ka spleen, ka ʻole o ka ʻōpū a me ka endophytic dampness, ka hopena i ka hana ʻino o ka ʻōpū. Ma ke kumumanaʻo TCM, pono e hilinaʻi nui ʻia ka hoʻolālā lapaʻau o CID i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Qi a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka spleen (Wang et al., 1994).

ʻO nā aʻa maloʻo oAtractylodes macrocephalaKoidz. (AM) aPanax ginsengCA Mey. (PG) nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau i TCM me nā hopena like o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Qi a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka spleen (Li et al., 2014). Hoʻohana mau ʻia ʻo AM a me PG ma ke ʻano he mau mea kanu (ʻo ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā mea kanu Kina) me nā hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Qi a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka spleen e mālama i ka maʻi maʻi. No ka laʻana, ua kākau ʻia ʻo AM a me PG i loko o nā ʻano hana anti-diarrheal maʻamau e like me Shen Ling Bai Zhu San, Si Jun Zi Tang mai.Taiping Huimin Heji Ju Fang(Ka moʻokūʻauhau mele, Kina) a me Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang maiPi Wei Lun(Yuan dynasty, Kina) (Fig. 1). Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi mua e loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻekolu ʻekolu ka hiki ke hoʻēmi i ka CID (Bai et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; Gou et al., 2016). Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kā mākou noiʻi mua ʻana ʻo Shenzhu Capsule nona ka AM a me PG wale nō ka hopena i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, colitis (xiexie syndrome), a me nā maʻi ʻeha ʻē aʻe (Feng et al., 2018). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe haʻawina i kūkākūkā i ka hopena a me ka hana o AM a me PG i ka mālama ʻana iā CID, inā i hui pū ʻia a i ʻole.

I kēia manawa ua manaʻo ʻia ka microbiota gut he kumu kūpono i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana therapeutic o TCM (Feng et al., 2019). Hōʻike nā haʻawina hou he mea koʻikoʻi ka microbiota gut i ka mālama ʻana i ka homeostasis intestinal. Hāʻawi ka microbiota gut olakino i ka pale mucosal intestinal, metabolism, immune homeostasis a me ka pane ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pathogen (Thursby and Juge, 2017; Pickard et al., 2017). Hoʻopilikia ka microbiota gut maʻi i nā hana physiological a me ka pale ʻana o ke kino o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano pololei a ʻaʻole pololei paha, e hoʻoulu ai i nā hopena ʻaoʻao e like me ka maʻi maʻi (Patel et al., 2016; Zhao a me Shen, 2010). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ua hoʻololi ka 5-FU i ke ʻano o ka microbiota gut i nā ʻiole diarrheic (Li et al., 2017). No laila, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā hopena o AM a me PM ma 5-FU i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka maʻi maʻi e ka ʻōpū microbiota. Eia naʻe, inā ʻo AM a me PG wale nō a me ka hui pū ʻana hiki ke pale i ka maʻi maʻi 5-FU ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka microbiota gut ʻaʻole maopopo.

I mea e noiʻi ai i nā hopena anti-diarrhea a me ke ʻano kumu o AM a me PG, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka 5-FU e hoʻohālike i kahi hoʻohālike diarrheal i nā ʻiole. Maʻaneʻi, ua nānā mākou i nā hopena kūpono o ka hoʻokele hoʻokahi a hui pū ʻia (AP) oAtractylodes macrocephalaʻaila nui (AMO) aPanax ginsengka nui o saponins (PGS), nā mea ikaika i unuhi ʻia mai AM a me PG, ma ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, pathology intestinal a me ka microbial structure ma hope o 5-FU chemotherapy.

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100% Maʻemaʻe Eucommiae Foliuml Aila Pono No ka mālama ʻili

Eucommia ulmoides(EU) (kapa mau ʻia ʻo "Du Zhong" ma ka ʻōlelo Kina) no ka ʻohana o Eucommiaceae, kahi ʻano o ka lāʻau liʻiliʻi maoli no Kina Waena [1]. Hoʻoulu nui ʻia kēia mea kanu ma Kina ma ke ʻano nui ma muli o ka nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Ma kahi o 112 mau pūhui i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai EU mai nā lignans, iridoids, phenolics, steroids, a me nā pūhui ʻē aʻe. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau o kēia mea kanu (e like me ke kī ʻono). ʻO ka lau o EU he hana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka cortex, ka pua, a me ka hua [2,3]. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā lau o EU e hoʻonui i ka ikaika o nā iwi a me nā ʻiʻo kino [4], no laila ke alakaʻi nei i ka lōʻihi o ke ola a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka momona i loko o ke kanaka [5]. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke kumu kī maikaʻi i hana ʻia mai ka lau o EU e hōʻemi i ka momona a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka metabolism ikehu. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā pūhui Flavonoid (e like me rutin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, a me caffeic acid) e hōʻike i ka hana antioxidants i nā lau o EU [6].

ʻOiai ua lawa nā palapala e pili ana i nā waiwai phytochemical o EU, he kakaikahi naʻe nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā waiwai lāʻau lapaʻau o nā pūhui like ʻole i unuhi ʻia mai nā ʻili, nā ʻanoʻano, nā kumu a me nā lau o EU. E wehewehe ana kēia pepa loiloi i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i nā pūhui like ʻole i unuhi ʻia mai nā ʻāpana like ʻole (ka ʻili, nā ʻanoʻano, ka ʻōpala, a me ka lau) o EU a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau pūhui i nā waiwai hoʻoikaika olakino me nā laina ʻepekema o nā hōʻike a no laila hāʻawi i kahi mea kuhikuhi. no ka noi o EU.

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ʻAila Houttuynia Cordata Maʻemaʻe Houttuynia Cordata Oil Lchthammolum Oil

Ma ka hapanui o nā ʻāina ulu, 70-95% o ka heluna kanaka e hilinaʻi nei i nā lāʻau kuʻuna no ka mālama ola kino mua a mai loko o kēia 85% o ka poʻe e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hana.[1] ʻO ka huli ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui olaola hou mai nā mea kanu e hilinaʻi mau ʻia i ka ʻike ʻano lāhui a me ka ʻike kanaka i loaʻa mai nā loea kūloko a ke manaʻo ʻia nei he kumu nui no ka ʻike ʻana i ka lāʻau. Ma Inia, ma kahi o 2000 mau laau no ka mea kanu.[2] Ma ka nānā ʻana i ka makemake nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo ka loiloi o kēia manawaHouttuynia cordataThunb. hāʻawi i ka ʻike hou e pili ana i nā noiʻi botanical, kalepa, ethnopharmacological, phytochemical a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻike ʻia ma ka palapala.H. cordataThunb. no ka ohanaSaururaceaea ua ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia he huelo moʻo Pākē. He lāʻau ulu me ka rhizome stoloniferous me ʻelua mau ʻano chemotype ʻokoʻa.[3,4] Loaʻa ka chemotype Kina o ia ʻano ma nā kūlana hihiu a semi-wild ma ka ʻĀkau-hikina o India mai ʻApelila a Kepakemapa.[5,6,7]H. cordataLoaʻa i India, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke awāwa ʻo Brahmaputra o Assam a hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻohana like ʻole o Assam ma ke ʻano o ka mea kanu a me nā kumu lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau.

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100% PureArctium lappa oil Manufacturer - Natural Lime Arctium lappa aila me nā palapala hōʻoia maikaʻi.

Pono Ola

ʻAi pinepine ʻia ka ʻaʻa Burdock, akā hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo ʻia a hoʻokomo ʻia i ke kī. Hana maikaʻi ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka inulin, aprebioticʻo ka fiber e kōkua i ka hoʻoemi ʻana a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino ʻōpū. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i kēia aʻa nā flavonoids (nā mea kanu mea kanu),phytochemical, a me nā antioxidants i ʻike ʻia he mau pono olakino.

Eia kekahi, hiki i ke kumu burdock ke hāʻawi i nā pono ʻē aʻe e like me:

E hoemi i ka ma'i ma'i

Loaʻa i ka aʻa Burdock kekahi mau antioxidants, e like me quercetin, phenolic acids, a me luteolin, hiki ke kōkua i ka pale ʻana i kāu mau cell maimanuahi manuahi. ʻO kēia mau antioxidants e kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mumū ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa.

Pilikia Ola

Manaʻo ʻia ka ʻaʻa Burdock e ʻai a inu ʻia e like me ke kī. Eia naʻe, ua like kēia mea kanu i nā mea kanu nightshade belladonna, he mea ʻawaʻawa. Manaʻo ʻia e kūʻai wale i ka aʻa burdock mai nā mea kūʻai hilinaʻi a ʻaʻole e hōʻiliʻili iā ʻoe iho. Eia kekahi, he liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i kona hopena i nā keiki a i nā wahine hāpai. E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke aʻa burdock me nā keiki a i ʻole inā hāpai ʻoe.

Eia kekahi mau pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe e noʻonoʻo ai inā hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu burdock:

Hoʻonui i ka wai wai

Hana ʻo Burdock root e like me kahi diuretic kūlohelohe, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka dehydration. Inā ʻoe e lawe i nā hua wai a i ʻole nā diuretics ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e lawe i ke kumu burdock. Inā ʻoe e lawe i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau, pono e makaʻala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe, nā mea kanu, a me nā meaʻai e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka dehydration.

ʻAiʻaʻa

Inā paʻakikī ʻoe a i ʻole he moʻolelo o nā hopena maʻi i nā daisies, ragweed, a i ʻole chrysanthemums, ua piʻi aʻe ʻoe i ka pilikia no ka hopena maʻi i ke kumu burdock.

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ʻO ke kumu kūʻai nui nui 100% Pure AsariRadix Et Rhizoma oil Relax Aromatherapy Eucalyptus globulus

Ua noiʻi nā haʻawina holoholona a me in vitro i ka hopena antifungal, anti-inflammatory, a me ka maʻi cardiovascular o sassafras a me kāna mau mea. Eia naʻe, nele nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau, a ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo sassafras he palekana no ka hoʻohana. ʻO Safrole, ka mea nui o ka ʻili aʻa a me ka ʻaila sassafras, ua pāpā ʻia e ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), me ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea ʻala a ʻala paha, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia i loko a i waho paha, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka carcinogenic. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Safrole i ka hana hewa ʻole o 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), i ʻike ʻia e nā inoa alanui "ecstasy" a i ʻole "Molly," a ʻo ke kūʻai aku ʻana i ka aila safrole a me ka sassafras e nānā ʻia e ka US Drug Enforcement Administration.

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Kūʻai nui nui 100% Pure Stellariae Radix ʻaila nui (hou) Relax Aromatherapy Eucalyptus globulus

Pono ka Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) e emi ka methanol extract o YCH ma lalo o 20.0% [2], me nā hōʻailona loiloi maikaʻi ʻē aʻe i kuhikuhi ʻia. Hōʻike nā hopena o kēia noiʻi ʻana i nā mea i loko o nā ʻāpana methanol o nā mea hihiu a me nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia i ka maʻamau pharmacopoeia, a ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o lākou. No laila, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ma waena o nā laʻana hihiu a mahi ʻia, e like me ia papa kuhikuhi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā sterols a me nā flavonoids āpau i loko o nā laʻana hihiu ma mua o nā mea i kanu ʻia. Ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka loiloi metabolomic i ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa metabolite ma waena o nā laʻana hihiu a mahi ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia, 97 mau metabolites ʻokoʻa i nānā ʻia, i helu ʻia ma kaPapa Pākuʻi S2. Ma waena o kēia mau metabolites ʻokoʻa loa ʻo β-sitosterol (ID ʻo M397T42) a me quercetin derivatives (M447T204_2), i hōʻike ʻia he mau mea ikaika. ʻO nā mea i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua, e like me trigonelline (M138T291_2), betaine (M118T277_2), fustin (M269T36), rotenone (M241T189), arctiin (M557T165) a me ka waika loganic (M399T284_2) i komo pū kekahi me nā metabolite like ʻole. Hoʻokani kēia mau ʻāpana i nā hana like ʻole i ka anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, scavenging free radicals, anti-cancer a me ka mālama ʻana i ka atherosclerosis a, no laila, hiki ke lilo i mau mea hoʻoikaika i loko o ka YCH. ʻO ka ʻike o nā mea hana e hoʻoholo ai i ka pono a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau [7]. ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻo ka methanol extract ʻo ia wale nō ka helu helu loiloi maikaʻi ʻo YCH he mau palena, a pono e ʻimi hou ʻia nā māka maikaʻi kikoʻī. Aia nā ʻokoʻa nui i ka nui o nā sterols, nā flavonoids āpau a me nā mea i loko o nā metabolites ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waena o ka YCH hihiu a mahi ʻia; no laila, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ma waena o lākou. I ka manawa like, hiki i nā mea hana hou i ʻike ʻia i loko o YCH he waiwai kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumu hana o YCH a me ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai YCH.

Ua ʻike lōʻihi ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli ma ka ʻāina kikoʻī o ke kumu no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina o ka maikaʻi loa [8]. ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe kahi hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli, a ʻo ka noho ʻana he mea nui e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ia mau mea. Mai ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka YCH ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau, ua hoʻomalu ʻia ʻo ia e YCH hihiu. Ma hope o ka holomua ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka YCH ma Ningxia i ka makahiki 1980, ua neʻe mālie ke kumu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Yinchaihu mai ka hihiu i ka YCH mahiʻai. Wahi a kahi noiʻi mua i nā kumu YCH [9] a me ka noiʻi kahua o kā mākou pūʻulu noiʻi, aia nā ʻokoʻa nui ma nā wahi hoʻolaha o nā lāʻau lapaʻau mahiʻai a me nā mea hihiu. Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ka YCH hihiu ma ka ʻāina ʻokoʻa ʻo Ningxia Hui o ka moku ʻo Shaanxi, e pili ana i ka ʻāina maloʻo o Inner Mongolia a me ke kikowaena Ningxia. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka steppe wao nahele ma kēia mau wahi ka wahi kūpono loa no ka ulu ʻana o YCH. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka YCH i hoʻoulu ʻia e hāʻawi nui ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāpana ʻāhiu, e like me Tongxin County (Cultivated I) a me nā wahi a puni, i lilo i mea kanu nui loa a me nā kumu hana ma Kina, a me Pengyang County (Cultivated II) , aia ma kahi ʻaoʻao hema a he wahi hana ʻē aʻe no ka YCH mahiʻai. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole he wao nahele nā wahi noho o nā ʻāina mahi ʻelua. No laila, ma kahi o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa nui i ka noho ʻana o ka YCH hihiu a mahi ʻia. He mea koʻikoʻi ka noho ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau. E pili ana nā ʻano noho like ʻole i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā metabolites lua i loko o nā mea kanu, a laila e hoʻopilikia ai i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana lāʻau.10,11]. No laila, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa nui i loko o ka nui o nā flavonoids a me nā sterols āpau a me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā metabolites 53 a mākou i ʻike ai ma kēia haʻawina ʻo ia paha ka hopena o ka hoʻokele kula a me nā ʻokoʻa noho.

ʻO kekahi o nā ala nui e hoʻopili ai ke kaiapuni i ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i nā mea kanu kumu. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi kaiapuni kūpono e hoʻoulu i ka hōʻiliʻili o nā metabolites lua [12,13]. Wahi a ke kuhiakau o ka ulu a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, inā lawa nā meaʻai, ulu mua nā mea kanu, akā i ka nele o nā meaʻai, ʻokoʻa ka mea kanu a hoʻohua i nā metabolites lua.14]. ʻO ke kaumaha maloʻo ma muli o ka nele o ka wai ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni e kū nei i nā mea kanu ma nā wahi maloʻo. Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kūlana wai o ka YCH i mahi ʻia, me ka nui o ka ua i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o ka YCH hihiu (ʻo ka wai no Cultivated I ma kahi o 2 mau manawa o ko Wild; ʻO Kultivated II ma kahi o 3.5 mau manawa ko Wild. ). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka lepo ma ka ʻāina hihiu he lepo one, akā ʻo ka lepo ma ka ʻāina mahiʻai he lepo lepo. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pālolo, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka paʻa wai o ka lepo one a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaumaha maloʻo. I ka manawa like, ua hui pinepine ʻia ke kaʻina hana me ka hoʻoinu ʻana, no laila ua haʻahaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaumaha maloʻo. Ulu ka YCH hihiu ma nā wahi noho maloʻo maloʻo ʻino, a no laila e ʻoi aku ka pilikia o ka maloʻo.

ʻO ka Osmoregulatory kahi hana physiological koʻikoʻi e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke pale aku i ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, a ʻo nā alkaloids he mea hoʻoponopono osmotic koʻikoʻi i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe.15]. ʻO nā betaines he mau pūhui ammonium quaternary quaternary hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe wai a hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectants. Hiki i ke kaumaha maloʻo ke hoʻemi i ka hiki osmotic o nā cell, ʻoiai nā osmoprotectants e mālama a mālama i ke ʻano a me ka kūpaʻa o nā macromolecules biological, a hoʻopau maikaʻi i ka pōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo i nā mea kanu [16]. No ka laʻana, ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, ua piʻi nui ka betaine o ka sugar beet a me Lycium barbarum [17,18]. ʻO Trigonelline kahi mea hoʻoponopono o ka ulu ʻana o ka cell, a ma lalo o ke kaumaha maloʻo, hiki iā ia ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka lōʻihi o ka pōʻai o ka mea kanu, ke kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o ka cell a alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka cell. Hiki i ka mea kanu ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻoponopono osmotic a hoʻonui i kona hiki ke pale i ke kaumaha maloʻo.19]. JIA X [20] ua ʻike ʻia, me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Astragalus membranaceus (kahi kumu o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kuʻuna Kina) i nā trigonelline hou aʻe, e hana ana e hoʻoponopono i ka hiki osmotic a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke pale i ka pilikia maloʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Flavonoids i ka hana koʻikoʻi i ka pale ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo.21,22]. Ua hōʻoia ka nui o nā noiʻi ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo maʻalahi i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā flavonoids. Lang Duo-Yong et al. [23] hoʻohālikelike i nā hopena o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo ma YCH ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mana paʻa wai ma ke kula. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo ua kāohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā aʻa i kekahi ʻano, akā ma ke koʻikoʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka maloʻo (40% ka paʻa wai o ka māla), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka flavonoids ma YCH. I kēia manawa, ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo, hiki i nā phytosterols ke hana i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka fluidity membrane cell a me ka permeability, kaohi ʻana i ka wai a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ke kaumaha [24,25]. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā flavonoids, nā sterols a pau, ka betaine, ka trigonelline a me nā metabolites lua ʻē aʻe i ka YCH hihiu e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi maloʻo kiʻekiʻe.

I loko o kēia haʻawina, ua hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke ala KEGG ma nā metabolites i ʻike ʻia he ʻokoʻa loa ma waena o ka YCH hihiu a mahi ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā metabolites i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ala o ka ascorbate a me ka aldarate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine metabolism a me ka beta-alanine metabolism. ʻO kēia mau ala metabolic pili loa i nā mīkini pale koʻikoʻi o nā mea kanu. I waena o lākou, he hana koʻikoʻi ka ascorbate metabolism i ka mea kanu antioxidant production, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, stress resistance a me nā hana physiological ʻē aʻe.26]; ʻO ka biosynthesis aminoacyl-tRNA he ala nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka protein.27,28], ka mea i komo i loko o ka synthesis o ka stress-kūpono proteins. Hiki i nā ala histidine a me ka β-alanine ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o nā mea kanu i ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni.29,30]. Hōʻike hou kēia i nā ʻokoʻa o nā metabolites ma waena o ka YCH hihiu a me ka mahiʻai ʻana i pili pili i nā kaʻina hana o ke kūpaʻa koʻikoʻi.

ʻO ka lepo ke kumu waiwai no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻau. ʻO ka Nitrogen (N), ka phosphorus (P) a me ka potassium (K) i loko o ka lepo, he mau mea waiwai nui ia no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā mea organik lepo ka N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg a me nā macroelements ʻē aʻe a me nā mea e pono ai no nā mea kanu lāʻau. ʻO ka nui a i ʻole ka hemahema o nā meaʻai, a i ʻole nā helu meaʻai kūpono ʻole, e hoʻopilikia i ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau, a ʻokoʻa nā mea kanu like ʻole [31,32,33]. No ka laʻana, he haʻahaʻa N stress paipai i ka synthesis o alkaloids ma Isatis indigotica, a ua pomaikai i ka hoahu ana o flavonoids i mea kanu e like me Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge a me Dichondra repens Forst. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka N i kaohi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā flavonoids i nā ʻano e like me Erigeron breviscapus, Abrus cantoniensis a me Ginkgo biloba, a pili i ka maikaʻi o nā mea lapaʻau.34]. Ua maikaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea kanu P i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka glycyrrhizic acid a me ka dihydroacetone i ka Ural licorice.35]. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noi ma mua o 0·12 kg·m−2, ua emi iho ka nui o ka flavonoids ma Tussilago farfara [36]. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea momona P i ka ʻike o ka polysaccharides i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina rhizoma polygonati [37], akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka fertilizer K i ka hoʻonui ʻana i kona ʻike o nā saponins [38]. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fertilizer 450 kg·hm−2 K ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka ulu a me ka hōʻiliʻili saponin o Panax notoginseng ʻelua makahiki.39]. Ma lalo o ka lakio o N:P:K = 2:2:1, ʻo ka huina nui o ka hydrothermal extract, harpagide a me harpagoside ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa [40]. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o N, P a me K ua pōmaikaʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o Pogostemon cablin a hoʻonui i ka ʻike o ka ʻaila volatile. ʻO ka ratio haʻahaʻa o N, P a me K i hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā mea pono nui o ka ʻaila lau lau ʻo Pogostemon cablin [41]. ʻO YCH kahi mea kanu ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia i ka lepo, a loaʻa paha iā ia nā koi kikoʻī no nā meaʻai e like me N, P a me K. Ma kēia haʻawina, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka YCH i mahi ʻia, ʻaʻole i paʻa ka lepo o nā mea kanu YCH hihiu: ʻo ka lepo ma loko. o ka mea olaola, ka huina N, ka huina P a me ka huina K ma kahi o 1/10, 1/2, 1/3 a me 1/3 o na mea kanu i kanuia. No laila, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o nā meaʻai lepo ke kumu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā metabolites i ʻike ʻia ma ka YCH mahiʻai a me ka hihiu. Weibao Ma et al. [42] ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi nui o nā mea momona N a me nā mea kanu P i hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā hua. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo ka hopena o nā mea momona i ka maikaʻi o ka YCH, a pono e aʻo hou i nā ana fertilization e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o nā mea lapaʻau.

Loaʻa i nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina nā hiʻohiʻona o "Hoʻonui nā wahi noho maikaʻi i ka hua, a ʻo nā wahi noho maikaʻi ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi" [43]. I ke kaʻina hana o ka neʻe mālie ʻana mai ka hihiu i ka YCH mahiʻai, ua hoʻololi ka noho ʻana o nā mea kanu mai ka wao nahele a me ka wao nahele steppe i ka ʻāina mahiʻai momona me ka wai nui. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka noho ʻana o ka YCH i hoʻoulu ʻia a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hua, he mea kōkua ia e hoʻokō i ka noi mākeke. Eia naʻe, ua alakaʻi kēia noho maikaʻi i nā loli nui i nā metabolites o YCH; inā paha he mea maikaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o YCH a pehea e hoʻokō ai i kahi hana kiʻekiʻe o YCH ma o nā ʻano mahiʻai ʻepekema e koi hou aku i ka noiʻi.

ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka noho ʻana he ala ia e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka nohona a me nā kūlana kaiapuni o nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau, ma muli o ka ʻike o ka hoʻololi lōʻihi o nā mea kanu i nā koʻikoʻi kaiapuni [43]. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻano mea kaiapuni e pili ana i nā mea kanu hihiu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nohona kumu o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu o nā lāʻau lapaʻau maoli, ua hoʻohana ke ala i ka hoʻolālā ʻepekema a me ka hana hou ʻana o ke kanaka e kaulike ai i ka ulu ʻana a me ka metabolism lua o nā mea kanu lāʻau Kina.43]. ʻO nā ala e hoʻokō ai i nā hoʻonohonoho kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau kiʻekiʻe. Pono ke kanu ʻana i ka noho ʻana i kahi ala kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka YCH kiʻekiʻe inā ʻaʻole maopopo ke kumu pharmacodynamic, nā māka maikaʻi a me nā ʻano pane i nā mea kūlohelohe. No laila, ke manaʻo nei mākou e hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻepekema a me nā hana hoʻokele mahina i ka mahi ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o YCH me ka pili ʻana i nā ʻano kūlohelohe o ka YCH hihiu, e like me ke kūlana ʻāina maloʻo, pā a me ke one. Ma ka manawa like, manaʻolana ʻia e hana hou nā mea noiʻi i ka noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i ke kumu waiwai hana a me nā māka maikaʻi o YCH. Hiki i kēia mau haʻawina ke hāʻawi i nā koina loiloi maikaʻi loa no YCH, a hoʻoikaika i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka ʻoihana.

kikoʻī
ʻO ka ʻaila Herbal Fructus Amomi Nā lomilomi kūlohelohe 1kg Bulk Amomum villosum ʻaila nui

Ua hoʻonui ka ʻohana Zingiberaceae i ka noiʻi allelopathic ma muli o ka waiwai o ka aila volatile a me ka ʻono o kona ʻano lālā. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi mua i nā kemika mai Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) [40], Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) BLBurtt & RMSm. [41] a me Zingiber officinale Rosc. [42] o ka ʻohana ginger he hopena allelopathic i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua a me ka ulu ʻana o nā hua o ka maile, letus a me ke kōmato. ʻO kā mākou haʻawina i kēia manawa ka hōʻike mua loa e pili ana i ka hana allelopathic o nā volatiles mai nā kumu, nā lau, a me nā hua ʻōpio o A. villosum (he lālā o ka ʻohana Zingiberaceae). He 0.15%, 0.40%, a me 0.50% ka aila o na kumu, lau, a me na hua opiopio, e hoike ana ua hua mai na hua i ka aila mahuka ma mua o na kumu a me na lau. ʻO nā mea nui o nā aila hoʻoheheʻe mai nā kumu he β-pinene, β-phellandrene a me α-pinene, he ʻano like ia me nā mea kemika nui o ka ʻaila lau, β-pinene a me α-pinene (monoterpene hydrocarbons). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka aila i loko o nā hua ʻōpio ua waiwai i ka bornyl acetate a me ka camphor (oxygenated monoterpenes). Ua kākoʻo ʻia nā hopena e nā ʻike a Do N Dai [30,32] and Hui Ao [31] ka mea i ike i na aila mai na kino like ole o A. villosum.

Ua nui nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā hana pale i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau pūhui nui i nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ʻo Shalinder Kaur ʻo ka α-pinene mai ka eucalyptus i hoʻopaʻa nui i ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pana o Amaranthus viridis L. ma ka 1.0 μL ka nui [43], a ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua kāohi ka α-pinene i ka ulu mua ʻana o ke aʻa a ua hoʻopōʻino ʻia i ka ʻiʻo o ke aʻa ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻano oxygen reactive [44]. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa kekahi mau hōʻike i ka β-pinene i keʻakeʻa i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu o nā nāhelehele hoʻāʻo ma ke ʻano pane e pili ana i ka dosis ma o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka pono o ka membrane.45], hoʻololi i ka biochemistry mea kanu a hoʻonui i nā hana o peroxidases a me polyphenol oxidases [46]. Ua hōʻike ʻo β-Phellandrene i ka pale ʻoi loa i ka germination a me ka ulu ʻana o Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp ma kahi ʻano o 600 ppm [47], oiai, ma kahi o 250 mg/m3, ua hoopau ka camphor i ka radicle a me ka ulu pana o Lepidium sativum L. [48]. Eia naʻe, liʻiliʻi ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka hopena allelopathic o ka bornyl acetate. I kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o nā hopena allelopathic o ka β-pinene, bornyl acetate a me ka camphor ma ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa ma mua o nā aila volatile koe wale nō ka α-pinene, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻaila lau, waiwai i ka α-pinene, ʻoi aku ka phytotoxic ma mua o ka volatile pili. nā aila mai nā kumu a me nā hua o A. villosum, nā ʻike ʻelua e hōʻike ana i ka α-pinene ka mea nui no ka allelopathy e kēia ʻano. Ma ka manawa like, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena e hiki ke kōkua i kekahi mau pūhui i loko o ka ʻaila huaʻai ʻaʻole nui i ka hana ʻana i ka hopena phytotoxic, kahi ʻike e pono ai ka noiʻi hou ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻo ka hopena allelopathic o nā allelochemicals he ʻano-specific. ʻO Jiang et al. ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻaila nui i hana ʻia e Artemisia sieversiana i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka Amaranthus retroflexus L. ma mua o Medicago sativa L., Poa annua L., a me Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. [49]. Ma kekahi haʻawina, ʻo ka ʻaila volatile o Lavandula angustifolia Mill. ua hoʻopuka i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena phytotoxic i nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole. Lolium multiflorum Lam. ʻO ia ka mea maʻalahi loa, ʻo ka hypocotyl a me ka ulu ʻana o ka radicle i keakea ʻia e 87.8% a me 76.7%, i kēlā me kēia, ma kahi ʻano o 1 μL/mL aila, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka hypocotyl o nā kumulāʻau kukama [20]. Ua hōʻike pū kā mākou mau hopena i ka ʻokoʻa o ka naʻau i ka A. villosum volatiles ma waena o L. sativa a me L. perenne.

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui a me/a i ʻole ka qualitative o nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi o nā ʻano like ʻole ma muli o nā kūlana ulu, nā ʻāpana mea kanu a me nā ʻano ʻike. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike ʻo pyranoid (10.3%) a me β-caryophyllene (6.6%) nā pūhui nui o nā volatiles i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā lau o Sambucus nigra, aʻo benzaldehyde (17.8%), α-bulnesene (16.6%) a me tetracosane (11.5%) ua nui i loko o nā aila i unuhi ʻia mai nā lau [50]. I loko o kā mākou noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka allelopathic compound i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā mea kanu hou i nā mea kanu hoʻāʻo ma mua o nā ʻaila volatile i unuhi ʻia, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa o ka pane ʻana e pili kokoke ana i nā ʻokoʻa o nā allelochemicals i loaʻa i nā hoʻomākaukau ʻelua. Pono e noiʻi hou ʻia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā pūhui volatile a me nā ʻaila i nā hoʻokolohua ma hope.

ʻO nā ʻokoʻa o ka microbial diversity a me ka microbial community structure i loko o nā laʻana lepo kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai nā aila volatile e pili ana i ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā microorganism a me nā hopena ʻona a me ka lōʻihi o ka aila volatile i ka lepo. Vokou me Liotiri [51] ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o ʻehā mau ʻaila koʻikoʻi (0.1 mL) i ka lepo i mahi ʻia (150 g) i hoʻāla ʻia ka hanu ʻana o nā laʻana lepo, ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā ʻaila i ko lākou haku mele ʻana, e hōʻike ana e hoʻohana ʻia nā aila mea kanu ma ke ʻano he kalapona a me ke kumu ikehu e. nā microorganisms lepo. Ua hōʻoia ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa ua kōkua nā aila mai ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa o A. villosum i ka hoʻonui maopopo ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻano fungal lepo ma ka lā 14 ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka aila, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka ʻaila ke hāʻawi i ke kumu kalapona no nā mea hou aku. haʻu lepo. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe: ua hoʻihoʻi nā microorganisms lepo i kā lākou hana mua a me ka biomass ma hope o kahi manawa pōkole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana o Thymbra capitata L. (Cav) aila, akā ʻo ka ʻaila ma ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa (0.93 µL aila no ka gram o ka lepo). ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā microorganism lepo e hoʻihoʻi i ka hana mua [52]. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i kēia manawa, ma muli o ka ʻike microbiological o ka lepo ma hope o ka mālama ʻia ʻana me nā lā like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, ua manaʻo mākou e ola hou ke kaiāulu bacteria lepo ma hope o nā lā hou aʻe. ʻO ka mea like ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki i ka microbiota fungal ke hoʻi i kona kūlana mua. Ua hōʻoia kēia mau hopena i kēia kuhiakau: ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka ʻaila i ka haku ʻana o ka microbiome fungal lepo e ka poʻokela co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), a ua hōʻoia hou nā hōʻike wela i ka haku ʻana o ke kaiāulu fungal o ka lepo. mālama ʻia me ka ʻaila 3.0 mg/mL (ʻo ia hoʻi 0.375 mg ʻaila no ka gram o ka lepo) ma ka pae genus ʻokoʻa loa mai nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka monoterpene hydrocarbons a i ʻole ka oxygenated monoterpenes i ka ʻokoʻa microbial lepo a me ke ʻano kaiāulu. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi ʻana ua hoʻonui ka α-pinene i ka hana microbial lepo a me ka nui o ka Methylophilaceae (kahi hui o nā methylotrophs, Proteobacteria) ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona i nā lepo maloʻo.53]. Pēlā hoʻi, ka ʻaila hinu o A. villosum mea kanu holoʻokoʻa, loaʻa ka 15.03% α-pinene (Papa Pākuʻi S1), ua hoʻonui aʻe i ka nui pili o Proteobacteria ma 1.5 mg/mL a me 3.0 mg/mL, i manaʻo ʻia e hana paha ka α-pinene ma ke ʻano he kumu kalapona no nā microorganisms lepo.

ʻO nā pūhui volatile i hana ʻia e nā kino like ʻole o A. villosum ua loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hopena allelopathic ma L. sativa a me L. perenne, kahi i pili pono i nā mea kemika i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana mea kanu A. villosum. ʻOiai ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke ʻano kemika o ka ʻaila maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e A. villosum ma ka lumi wela, kahi e pono ai ka hoʻokolokolo hou. Eia kekahi, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hopena synergistic ma waena o nā allelochemical like ʻole. Ma ka ʻōlelo o nā microorganisms lepo, no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hopena o ka aila maʻemaʻe ma luna o nā microorganism lepo, pono mākou e hana hou i ka noiʻi hohonu: e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa lapaʻau o ka ʻaila volatile a ʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka haku mele ʻana o ka ʻaila i loko o ka lepo. i nā lā like ʻole.

kikoʻī
ʻO ka ʻaila Artemisia capillaris maʻemaʻe no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i ka diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā diffusers puhi ʻohe.

Hoʻolālā hoʻohālike rodent

Ua māhele ʻia nā holoholona i ʻelima mau pūʻulu o nā ʻiole he ʻumikumamālima. ʻO ka pūʻulu hoʻomalu a me ka hui pūʻulu hoʻohālike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia meaila sesameno 6 lā. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻiole hui mana maikaʻi me nā papa bifendate (BT, 10 mg / kg) no nā lā 6. Ua mālamaʻia nā hui hoʻokolohua me 100 mg / kg a me 50 mg / kg AEO i hoʻoheheʻeʻia i kaʻaila sesame no nā lā 6. Ma ka lā 6, ua mālama ʻia ka pūʻulu mana me ka aila sesame, a ua mālama ʻia nā hui ʻē aʻe a pau me ka nui o 0.2% CCl4 i ka aila sesame (10 ml/kg) e.hoʻokomo ʻia intraperitoneal. A laila hoʻokē ʻai ʻia nā ʻiole me ka wai ʻole, a ʻohi ʻia nā ʻano koko mai nā moku retrobulbar; ʻO ke koko i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ua centrifuged ma 3000 ×gno 10 min e hoʻokaʻawale i ka serum.ʻO ka wehe ʻana o ka ʻāʻīua hana koke ʻia ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ke koko, a ua wehe koke ʻia nā laʻana o ke ake. Ua mālama koke ʻia kekahi ʻāpana o ke akepaʻa ma −20 ° C a hiki i ka nānā ʻana, a ʻoki ʻia kekahi ʻāpana a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi 10%formalinhoʻonā; ua mālama ʻia nā ʻiʻo i koe ma −80 °C no ka nānā ʻana i ka histopathological (Wang et al., 2008,Hsu et al., 2009,Nie et al., 2015).

ʻO ke ana o nā ʻāpana biochemical i ka serum

Ua helu ʻia ka ʻeha o ke ake ma ka manaʻo ʻana i kanā hana enzymatico ka serum ALT a me AST e hoʻohana ana i nā pahu pāʻoihana e like me nā kuhikuhi no nā kits (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Kina). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana enzymatic e like me nā ʻāpana no ka lita (U/l).

Ana o MDA, SOD, GSH a me GSH-Pxi loko o ka ate homogenates

Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻiʻo o ke ake me ka saline physiological anuanu ma kahi ratio 1: 9 (w / v, ate: saline). Ua centrifuged nā homogenates (2500 ×gno 10 min) e hōʻiliʻili i nā supernatants no nā hoʻoholo hope. Ua helu ʻia ka pōʻino o ka ate e like me nā ana hepatic o nā pae MDA a me GSH a me ka SOD a me GSH-P.xnā hana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia mau mea a pau ma muli o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ma ka kit (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Kina). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena no MDA a me GSH e like me nmol per mg protein (nmol/mg prot), a me nā hana o SOD a me GSH-Pxua hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he U no ka mg protein (U / mg prot).

ʻIkepili histopathological

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana o ke akepaʻa hou i loko o kahi 10% bufferedparaformaldehydephosphate solution. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laʻana i loko o ka paraffin, ʻokiʻoki ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana 3-5 μm, ʻulaʻula me kahematoxylinaeosin(H&E) e like me ke kaʻina hana maʻamau, a hoʻopaʻa hope ʻia emicroscopy māmā(Tian et al., 2012).

Ka helu helu

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke ʻano he mean ± standard deviation (SD). Ua kālailai ʻia nā hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papahana helu SPSS Statistics, version 19.0. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili i kahi loiloi o ka ʻokoʻa (ANOVA,p<0.05) a ukaliia e ka ho'āʻo a Dunnett a me ka ho'āʻo T3 o Dunnett e hoʻoholo i nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā waiwai o nā hui hoʻokolohua like ʻole. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi ʻokoʻa nui ma kahi pae op< 0.05.

Nā hualoaʻa a me ke kūkākūkā

Nā mea koho o AEO

Ma ka nānā ʻana o GC/MS, ua ʻike ʻia ka AEO he 25 mau mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai 10 a 35 mau minuke, a ua ʻike ʻia he 21 mau mea nona ka 84% o ka aila pono.Papa 1). ʻO ka ʻaila volatile i loaʻamonoterpenoids(80.9%), sesquiterpenoids (9.5%), saturated unbranched hydrocarbons (4.86%) a me nā ʻano like ʻole acetylene (4.86%). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe (ʻO Guo et al., 2004), ua loaʻa iā mākou nā monoterpenoids nui (80.90%) ma ka AEO. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ʻo ka mea nui loa o ka AEO ʻo β-citronellol (16.23%). ʻO nā mea nui ʻē aʻe o AEO he 1,8-cineole (13.9%),camphor(12.59%),linalool(11.33%), α-pinene (7.21%), β-pinene (3.99%),thymol(3.22%), amyrcene(2.02%). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka haku melemele e pili ana i nā kūlana kaiapuni i ʻike ʻia ai ka mea kanu, e like me ka wai mineral, ka lā, ka pae o ka ulu ʻana a memeaʻai.

kikoʻī
ʻO ka aila Saposhnikovia divaricata maʻemaʻe no ke kukui a me ke kopa e hana ana i ka diffuser kūʻai nui i ka aila nui hou no nā diffusers kuni ʻohe.

2.1. Ka hoomakaukau ana o SDE

Ua kūʻai ʻia nā rhizomes o SD ma ke ʻano he lāʻau maloʻo mai Hanherb Co. (Guri, Korea). Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā mea kanu e Kauka Go-Ya Choi o ka Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM). Ua waiho ʻia kahi palapala hōʻailona (helu 2014 SDE-6) i ka Korean Herbarium of Standard Herbal Resources. Ua unuhi ʻia nā rhizomes maloʻo o SD (320 g) i ʻelua me ka 70% ethanol (me ka 2 h reflux) a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka extract ma lalo o ke kaomi hoʻemi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka decoction, lyophilized, a mālama ʻia ma 4 ° C. ʻO 48.13% (w/w) ka loaʻa ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻomaloʻo maloʻo.

2.2. Kūlana Kiʻekiʻe-Hiʻona Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

Hana ʻia ka nānā ʻana Chromatographic me kahi ʻōnaehana HPLC (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA) a me kahi mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi. No ka hōʻike HPLC o SDE, ʻo ka prim-O-glucosylcimifugin standard i kūʻai ʻia mai ka Korea Promotion Institute for Traditional Medicine Industry (Gyeongsan, Korea), asec-O-glucosylhamaudol a me 4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-OUa hoʻokaʻawale ʻia -methylvisamminol i loko o kā mākou hale hana a ʻike ʻia e nā loiloi spectral, ma mua o NMR a me MS.

Ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā laʻana SDE (0.1 mg) i 70% ethanol (10 mL). Hana ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale Chromatographic me kahi kolamu XSelect HSS T3 C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5μm, Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). ʻO ka māhele kelepona he acetonitrile (A) a me ka 0.1% acetic acid i loko o ka wai (B) ma kahi kahe kahe o 1.0 mL / min. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi papahana gradient multistep penei: 5% A (0 min), 5–20% A (0–10 min), 20% A (10–23 min), a me 20–65% A (23–40 min). ). Ua nānā ʻia ka lōʻihi hawewe ʻike ma 210-400 nm a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 254 nm. ʻO ka nui o ka injection he 10.0μL. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā haʻina maʻamau no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā chromones ʻekolu i ka hopena hope o 7.781 mg/mL (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin), 31.125 mg/mL (4′-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol), a me 31.125 mg/mL (sec-O-glucosylhamaudol) i loko o ka methanol a mālama ʻia ma 4°C.

2.3. Ka Loiloi o ka Hana Anai-InflammatoryIn Vitro

2.3.1. Ka Moʻomeheu Cell a me ka Laʻana Lapaʻau

Ua loaʻa nā pūnaewele RAW 264.7 mai ka American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) a ua ulu i loko o ka medium DMEM i loaʻa ka 1% antibiotic a me 5.5% FBS. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kelepona i loko o kahi ea humidified o 5% CO2 ma 37 ° C. No ka hoʻouluʻana i nā pūnaewele, ua hoʻololiʻia ka medium me ka DMEM hou, a me ka lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) ma 1.μUa hoʻohui ʻia ka g/mL ma ke alo a i ʻole ka nele o SDE (200 a i ʻole 400μg/mL) no 24 mau hola hou.

2.3.2. Ka Hoʻoholo ʻana o ka Nitric Oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α), a me Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Production

Ua mālama ʻia nā kelepona me SDE a hoʻoulu ʻia me LPS no 24 mau hola. NO ka hana ʻana i kālailai ʻia ma ke ana ʻana i ka nitrite me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Griess reagent e like me kahi noiʻi mua.12]. Ka huna o na cytokines inflammatory PGE2, TNF-α, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo IL-6 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kit ELISA (R&D system) e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā hopena o SDE ma NO a me ka hana cytokine ma 540 nm a i ʻole 450 nm me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Wallac EnVision.™mea heluhelu microplate (PerkinElmer).

2.4. Ka Loiloi o ka Hana AntiosteoarthritisMa Vivo

2.4.1. Holoholona

Ua kūʻai ʻia nā ʻiole kāne Sprague-Dawley (7 mau pule) mai Samtako Inc. (Osan, Korea) a mālama ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana i hoʻomalu ʻia me ka pōʻaiapuni māmā/ʻeleʻele 12-h ma°C a% haʻahaʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻiole i kahi meaʻai a me ka waiad libitum. Ua hana ʻia nā kaʻina hana hoʻokolohua a pau e like me nā alakaʻi alakaʻi o nā National Institutes of Health (NIH) a ʻae ʻia e ke Kōmike mālama holoholona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kulanui ʻo Daejeon (Daejeon, repubalika o Korea).

2.4.2. Hoʻokomo ʻia o OA me MIA ma nā ʻiole

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā holoholona a hāʻawi ʻia i nā hui lapaʻau ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana (no kēlā me kēia hui). Hoʻonā MIA (3 mg/50μL o 0.9% saline) ua hoʻokomo pololei ʻia i loko o ka intra-articular space o ka kuli ʻākau ma lalo o ka anesthesia i hoʻokomo ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ketamine a me xylazine. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻiole i ʻehā mau pūʻulu: (1) ka hui paʻakai me ka ʻole MIA injection, (2) ka hui MIA me MIA injection, (3) ka hui SDE-treated (200 mg/kg) me ka MIA injection, a me (4 ) ka hui indomethacin- (IM-) i mālama ʻia (2 mg/kg) me MIA injection. Hāʻawi waha ʻia nā ʻiole me SDE a me IM 1 pule ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o MIA no 4 mau pule. ʻO ke ʻano o ka SDE a me IM i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia noiʻi ʻana ma luna o nā mea i hana ʻia ma nā haʻawina mua [10,13,14].

2.4.3. Ana o Hindpaw Wehe Kaumaha

Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka OA, ua hoʻopau ʻia ke koena kumu i ka hiki ke kaumaha o nā hindpaws. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea hōʻike incapacitance (Linton instrumentation, Norfolk, UK) e loiloi i nā loli i ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana i ke kaumaha. Hoʻokomo pono ʻia nā ʻiole i loko o ke keʻena ana. ʻO ka ikaika kaumaha i hanaʻia e ka lālā hope i hoʻohālikelikeʻia ma kahi o 3 mau manawa. Ua helu ʻia ka lākiō puʻunaue kaumaha e kēia hoohalike: [kaumaha ma ka ʻaoʻao hope ʻākau/(kaumaha ma ka lālā hope ʻākau + kaumaha ma ka lālā hope hema)] × 100 [15].

2.4.4. Nā ana o nā pae Serum Cytokine

Ua centrifuged nā koko koko ma 1,500 g no 10 min ma 4 ° C; a laila ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka serum a mālama ʻia ma −70 ° C a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana. Nā pae o IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, a me PGE2 i loko o ka serum ua ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kits ELISA mai R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana.

2.4.5. ʻIkepili RT-PCR ʻOiaʻiʻo

Ua unuhi ʻia ka huina RNA mai ka ʻiʻo hui kuli me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka TRI reagent® (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hoʻohuli ʻia i loko o ka cDNA a me ka PCR-amplified me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kit TM One Step RT PCR me SYBR green (Applied Biosystems). , Mokupuni Nui, NY, USA). Ua hana ʻia ka PCR quantitative maoli me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Hōʻike ʻia nā kaʻina kumu mua a me ke kaʻina noiʻi ma ka Papa1. Ua hoʻonui ʻia nā Aliquots o nā cDNA laʻana a me ka nui like o GAPDH cDNA me ka TaqMan® Universal PCR master mixture i loaʻa ka DNA polymerase e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). ʻO nā kūlana PCR he 2 min ma 50 ° C, 10 min ma 94 ° C, 15 mau minuke ma 95 ° C, a me 1 min ma 60 ° C no 40 mau manawa. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka manaʻo o ka gene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano Ct (helu pōʻai paepae ma ke ʻano ma waena o ka amplification plot a me ka paepae), e like me nā ʻōlelo a ka mea hana.

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